FF Energy: 2013

From a friend in Florida

Having spent three weeks in a hospital in Naples, Florida with my wife I couldn't help noticing what was going on in the hospital and I had a lot of time to talk to the doctors and nurses about what I had observed. Below is a commentary from an ER Doctor. Do you think this might be a big reason our health care system and our social security system are so screwed up?
Do you think this might be a big reason our taxes keep going up? Who do you think these people are going to vote for?
From a Florida ER doctor:
"I live and work in a state overrun with illegal's. They make more money having kids than we earn working full-time. Today I had a 25-year old with 8 kids - that's right 8; all illegal anchor babies and she had the nicest nails, cell phone, hand bag, clothing, etc. She makes about $1,500 monthly for each; you do the math. I used to say, "We are the dumbest nation on earth." Now I must say and sadly admit: WE are the dumbest people on earth (that includes ME) for we elected the idiot ideologues who have passed the bills that allow this. Sorry, but we need a revolution. Vote them all out.
This is an insult and a kick in the butt to all of us...Get mad and pass it on - I don't know how, but maybe some good will come of this travesty.
If the immigrant is over 65, they can apply for SSI and Medicaid and get more than a woman on Social Security, who worked from 1944 until 2004.
She is only getting $791 per month because she was born in 1924 and there's a 'catch 22.'
It is interesting that the federal government provides a single refugee with a monthly allowance of $1,890. Each can also obtain an additional $580 in social assistance, for a total of $2,470 a month.
This compares to a single pensioner, who after contributing to the growth and development of America for 40 to 50 years, can only receive a monthly maximum of $1,012 in old age pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement. Maybe our pensioners should apply as refugees!
Consider sending this to all your American friends, so we can all be ticked off and maybe get the refugees cut back to $1,012 and the pensioners up to $2,470.
Then we can enjoy some of the money we were forced to submit to the Government over the last 40 or 50 or 60 years.
SEND THIS TO EVERY AMERICAN TAXPAYER YOU KNOW.
Check this on Snopes

=

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Tuesday, November 19, 2013

Coal facts

https://www.americaspower.org/sites/default/files/Coal_Facts_July_2013.pdf?utm_campaign=coalfacts_referrals&utm_medium=coalfacts.org&utm_source=coalfacts_substantiation&utm_content=10_america-reserves

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Sunday, November 17, 2013

People, you should be Angry at the destruction of America's Space capabilities !

We massive capabilities with shuttle, RMS, mmu, payload bay, space suits, all developed over last 30 years. Many thousands of citizens observed flybys of orbiters to the museums. Polls indicate 60 percent support shuttle, yet now seems people ( supporters) are unwilling to fight to return it to flight.

People this amazing system, the team, must be reestablished. Each of you must focus on getting your friends & neighbors to contact lawmakers to demand return to flight of this amazingly capable vehicle.

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Saturday, November 16, 2013

Illegals out of control

From the Los Angeles Times Newspaper

1. 40% of all workers in Los Angeles County (Los Angeles County has 10.2 million people) are working for cash and not paying taxes. This is because they are predominantly illegal aliens working without a green card.

2. 95% of warrants for murder in Los Angeles are for illegal aliens.

3. 75% of people on the most-wanted list in Los Angeles are illegal aliens.

4. Over 2/3 of all births in Los Angeles County are to illegal alien Mexicans on Medi-Cal, whose births were paid for by taxpayers.

5. Nearly 35% of all inmates in California detention centers are Mexican nationals here illegally.

6. Over 300,000 illegal aliens in Los Angeles County are living in garages.

7. The FBI reports half of all gang members in Los Angeles are most likely illegal aliens from south of the border.

8. Nearly 60% of all occupants of HUD properties are illegal.

9. 21 radio stations in Los Angeles are Spanish speaking.

10. In Los Angeles County 5.1 million people speak English, 3.9 million speak Spanish.
(There are 10.2 million people in Los Angeles County .)

(All 10 of the above statements are from the Los Angeles Times)

Less than 2% of illegal aliens are picking our crops, but 29% are on welfare.
Over 70% of the United States' annual population growth (and over 90% of California, Florida, and New York ) results from immigration.
29% of inmates in federal prisons are illegal aliens.

We are a bunch of fools for letting this continue!

HOW CAN YOU HELP?

Send copies of this letter to at least two other people. 100 would be even better.

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Friday, November 15, 2013

EPA damaging USA economy

Better get EPA under control. TVA closing 3000 megawatt coal plant. In Oklahoma AG Scott Pruitt says EPA acting outside clean air act will cost okies significantly in electric rates. This adm is damaging the USA economy in fossil fuel derived energy & in space technology , significantly impacting jobs & technological developments.
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Tuesday, November 12, 2013

Fwd: Freezing is NOT an Option - Repeal the RFS

Sent from my iPad

Begin forwarded message:

From: "Energy Citizens" <info@energycitizens.org>
Date: November 12, 2013 4:10:49 PM CST
To: <Bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com>
Subject: Freezing is NOT an Option - Repeal the RFS
Reply-To: "Energy Citizens" <info@energycitizens.org>

Dear Bobby,

We all know what the ethanol mandate could do – the vehicle and engine damage…the higher business and consumer costs…the devastation it could bring to America's food crops. We cannot allow Congress – and the EPA – to keep kicking this can down the road.

Tell Congress how you feel – repeal the ethanol mandate NOW!

First Congress talks about a short-term fix for the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). Now the EPA is considering minor revisions that would marginally soften the rigid, destructive ethanol mandates imposed by this fundamentally flawed law.

Why tinker around with something that we all admit simply does not work?

The ethanol mandate is out of touch with the realities of American energy demand, the refining process, and our essential national fuel supply.

The RFS is a bad law and no amount of revision will ever change that. Even in this day and age of a Congress that can't seem to agree on anything, this is a no brainer!

Tell Congress to do the right thing – repeal the ethanol mandate NOW!

A two- or three-year freeze is not what America needs. We deserve a comprehensive solution. It's time for Congress to stop playing politics with our fuel. They need to listen to the American people and repeal the ethanol mandate!

Sincerely,

The Energy Citizens Team

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Energy Citizens | P.O. Box 54 | Alexandria, VA 22313

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Tuesday, November 5, 2013

Fwd: Open up ANWR

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Begin forwarded message:

From: "T. Boone Pickens" <boone@pickensplan.com>
Date: November 5, 2013 12:56:35 PM CST
To: bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com
Subject: Open up ANWR
Reply-To: boone@pickensplan.com

Pickens Plan Army,

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline was built more than 30 years ago, and at one time we were getting more than 2 million barrels a day out of it. Now that number has fallen almost 75 percent to about half a million barrels a day.

I'm all for getting it back up to 2 million, aren't you? We both know that every barrel of oil that flows through the Alaskan Pipeline is one less barrel that we have to import.

It's time to open up ANWR and get the oil going back through the Alaskan pipeline.

Watch my latest BooneCam for more of my thoughts on this issue. Then send me a Tweet @BoonePickens with your thoughts.

-Boone

P.S. The increasing popularity of natural gas as a transportation fuel in the U.S. was the subject of articles in two of the country's leading newspapers last week. Both The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times took a closer look at the advantages afforded by cleaner, cheaper, domestic natural gas, and, in doing so, each newspaper echoed key themes of the Pickens Plan.

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Monday, October 28, 2013

Fwd: Libs want to run diesel trucks from flashlight batteries

Sent from my iPad

Begin forwarded message:

From: Bobby Martin <bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com>
Date: October 28, 2013 9:10:58 PM CDT
To: bobbygmartin1938.casperer@blogger.com
Subject: Fwd: Libs want to run diesel trucks from flashlight batteries

Sent from my iPad

Begin forwarded message:

From: Bobby Martin <bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com>
Date: October 28, 2013 9:10:28 PM CDT
To: bobbygmartin1938.caspere@blogger.com
Subject: Libs want to run diesel trucks from flashlight batteries

You see the ad with the little girl suggesting all we have to do is use the wind. All similar to the illogic of running diesel engines on flashlight batteries ---- this country must have FF derived energy---other stuff will not do the job!

Wednesday, October 9, 2013

Fwd: Checkmate - Game Over

Sent from my iPad

Begin forwarded message:

From: Dr Sircus - IMVA <newsletter@drsircus.com>
Date: October 9, 2013 10:58:19 AM GMT-06:00
To: <Bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com>
Subject: Checkmate - Game Over
Reply-To: Dr Sircus - IMVA <newsletter@drsircus.com>

Trouble Reading This? - Read it on Dr Sircus' Website

Checkmate – Game Over

Financial analyst Dr. Jim Willie says forget about the government shutdown and the debt ceiling. The Treasury market is the big problem. Dr. Willie says, "What's going on with the Treasury bond market right now is systems are breaking . . . they broke the interest rate swaps. They are not functioning anymore. . . . Foreigners are dumping Treasuries." The cost of insuring one-year U.S. bonds against default has quintupled since Sept. 23, according to data from Markit, a financial information company.

Translation – the Federal Reserve, the United States government and New York's biggest banks are boxed into a corner with a horde of financial vipers closing in on every side. What this means is that no matter what the congress and Obama decide its "game over". The problem is that everyone is going to join in on a selling spree of worthless paper only to find out that the paper is indeed worthless.

Who is going to buy the bonds that are now being dumped? Its only paper backed by the good faith of the United States, which unfortunately has not acted in good faith when in league with corrupt activities on Wall Street, which Washington made legal—a total betrayal of not only American people but also the peoples of the entire globe. What happens to the value of something when there are no buyers and only sellers?

Dr. Willie speculates about the meeting last week of all the big bankers at the White House saying, "I think it was an emergency meeting because they cannot successfully defend the dollar anymore, not fend off the big Treasury bond sales. Reversal in the Treasury bond market could be a deathblow for these zombie New York banks. These big banks are in danger of imploding. I do not think the Fed is going to taper its bond buying. I believe they are going to double it."

A U.S. government default will be an economic calamity like none the world has ever seen. Failure by the world's largest borrower to pay its debt — unprecedented in modern history — will devastate stock markets from Brazil to Zurich, halt a $5 trillion lending mechanism for investors who rely on Treasuries, blow up borrowing costs for billions of people and companies, ravage the dollar and throw the U.S. and world economies into a recession that probably would become a depression.

U.S. budgetary uncertainty is breeding a cloud of fear over global financial markets, the damage of increased risk to markets is already being sown. In such a climate of uncertainty, the psychological maelstrom of fear can build to create a herd-like response with everyone running for the exits at once.

"If they seriously default on the debt, what we're really talking about is a depression," says veteran financial sector analyst Richard Bove, VP of research at Rafferty Capital Markets. In a news video, he explains how the fallout would be a lot worse than the recession suffered in 2008 and the aftershocks would be felt for at least a decade.

The U.S. Treasury Department itself is worried reporting, "A default would be unprecedented and has the potential to be catastrophic: credit markets could freeze, the value of the dollar could plummet, U.S. interest rates could skyrocket, the negative spillovers could reverberate around the world, and there might be a financial crisis and recession that could echo the events of 2008 or worse."

Pathetic to have had to listen to the Federal Reserve hint about tapering when they have been under accelerating pressure to buy more because they are the only one left to buy the debt and fund (with funny money created out of thin air) the insane American budget. It is guns or butter after all (basic economics) meaning the United States just cannot afford all its aircraft carriers. The generals have miscalculated building a military establishment that the country nor the world can afford.

Already the situation is morphing quickly with market mechanisms threatening seizure. We keep hearing about the vulnerabilities of the Repo market and all markets dependent on the American dollar and specifically on the value of 10 year. treasury notes for value, all could be ripped asunder from one day to the next.

The winds have changed. Owners of United States treasury bonds are not feeling secure holding mountains of paper that are being threatened with a dramatic loss of value. A plunge in Treasuries would also devalue the dollar, which would instantly make everything we buy more expensive, and in turn destabilize countries and economies all over the world.

Political Rebellion

In America we see a potential rebellion taking place in the Republican Party, which could itself splinter in half if the most conservative elements are not heard. But let's assume the best case scenario. Next week they raise the debt limit. Then what?

The same thing is going to happen but perhaps a few weeks or months later! The inevitable has arrived. If they pass the bill to raise the ceiling who then is going to buy the bonds to pay for continued bloated spending? Investors and sovereign governments are selling bonds and then the Treasury will begin selling bonds if the ceiling is raised. Who is going to buy them?

When the Fed stands naked in full light seen for what it is and for what it now has to do there will be hell to pay. They have not invented the movie script to describe what will happen to the world's civilization when the dollar collapses. The American and entire first world and third world with it will be faced with a depression or outright collapse when nothing will work because currencies and banks will fail along with everything else.

"Now you've got not only the budget but the debt ceiling and time is running out and everybody knows it, including (the politicians)," said Terry Morris, senior vice president and senior equity manager for National Penn Investors Trust Company in Reading, Pennsylvania. "The longer this goes on, the more the uncertainty, the closer the deadline and the more nervous investors are going to be."

Conclusion

You can forget about any default in the debt-ceiling crisis. Former Assistant Treasury Secretary Dr. Paul Craig Roberts says, "The debt ceiling will be raised. No government wants to lose its power or lose its ability to borrow. So, if they don't raise the debt ceiling, it is just a way of Washington committing hari-kari. It simply removes the United States as a super power." Dr. Roberts goes on to say, "If they don't make a deal, one of two things will happen. . . . The Federal Reserve, on its own authority, lends the Treasury the money. . . . The other alternative, Obama . . . can simply declare a national emergency and raise the debt ceiling on his own initiative. He could govern as a dictator." What would happen if the U.S. did default? Dr. Roberts says, "The danger of default is the rest of the world dumps dollars. If they dump dollars, the Fed loses control, the whole system blows up. The banks fail. The bond market collapses. The stock market won't go down 1,500 points; it would be cut in half. " No matter what happens, there is still an enormous and growing debt. Dr. Roberts contends, "The situation is unsustainable." It will blow up at some point, and Dr. Roberts predicts, "It will be worse than the Great Depression because in the Great Depression, prices fell along with employment. Now, prices will be rising and employment would be falling. . . . Gold and silver prices will explode in dollar terms."

Dr. Mark Sircus, Ac., OMD, DM (P)

Director International Medical Veritas Association
Doctor of Oriental and Pastoral Medicine
http://drsircus.com/

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Monday, October 7, 2013

Dollar

Why, How To Protect Yourself From The Collapse Of The Dollar

There are still people around who are wondering "if" or "when" the American dollar is going to collapse. But I can tell you that there is no if or when; the collapse of the U.S. dollar is happening right now. The depression it is causing is highly visible. The people are already in the streets: in the United States and around the world.

Poter Stansberry

Sent from my iPad

Why, How To Protect Yourself From The Collapse Of The Dollar

Personal liberty.com. Pored Stansberry

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Thursday, October 3, 2013

Affordable. Haha ----better read this & pass on

Passing this along................
This is a post from the Obamacare web page and not my actual experience:

"I actually made it through this morning at 8:00 A.M. I have a preexisting condition (Type 1 Diabetes) and my income base was 45K-55K annually I chose tier 2 "Silver Plan" and my monthly premiums came out to $597.00 with $13,988 yearly deductible!!! There is NO POSSIBLE way that I can afford this so I "opt-out" and chose to continue along with no insurance. I received an email tonight at 5:00 P.M. informing me that my fine would be $4,037 and could be attached to my yearly income tax return. Then you make it to the "REPERCUSSIONS PORTION" for "non-payment" of yearly fine. First, your drivers license will be suspended until paid, and if you go 24 consecutive months with "Non-Payment" and you happen to be a home owner, you will have a federal tax lien placed on your home. You can agree to give your bank information so that they can easy "Automatically withdraw" your "penalties" weekly, bi-weekly or monthly! This by no means is "Free" or even "Affordable."

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Sunday, September 29, 2013

Energy Outlook | ExxonMobil's Perspectives Blog

http://www.exxonmobilperspectives.com/category/energy-outlook/

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Saturday, September 28, 2013

EPA admits banning coal will not impact global warming----Better get control of EPA

Reason given for shutting coal plants down.
They don't mind killing coal jobs. A bunch of nutty Pelosi's ! She is a certifiable idiot/ moron.

Lanise Taylor Weidle
Especially since there is no such thing! Research it!

EPA admits banning coal plants won't impact global warming
dailycaller.com
The Obama administration is effectively banning the construction of new coal-fired power plants, a move officials admit will have little to no impact on global warming. "The EPA does not anticipa
Like · · Share · 20 hours ago ·
Verna Taylor Ford likes this.

Stacy Beatty No such thing as what? Global warming?!
19 hours ago via mobile · Like

Options

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Wednesday, September 25, 2013

Properties of Bobby Martin in Oakwood, OK - LandsofAmerica.com

http://www.landsofamerica.com/member/149650

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Friday, September 20, 2013

Fwd: Google Alert - Climate warming hoax

Sent from my iPad

Begin forwarded message:

From: Google Alerts <googlealerts-noreply@google.com>
Date: September 20, 2013 9:01:47 PM GMT-06:00
To: bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com
Subject: Google Alert - Climate warming hoax

News 2 new results for Climate warming hoax

The Hoax of Global Warming, AKA, Climate Change and Death of ... Canada Free Press

Not content with various country killing plans, Obama seeks now to apply more new rules through his infamous Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that ...
See all stories on this topic »

Canada Free Press

New U.N. report should quell global warming fears The Detroit News

It never takes long for the alarmists to surface and perpetuate the hoax of manmade climate change/disaster when an extreme weather event occurs, but they ...
See all stories on this topic »

Brisbane Times

Delete this alert.
Create another alert.
Manage your alerts.

The Hoax of Global Warming, AKA, Climate Change and Death of Coal Mining

http://canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/58034

Sent from my iPad

Thursday, September 19, 2013

Fwd: Tell the White House - Approve Keystone XL Now!

Sent from my iPad

Begin forwarded message:

From: "Energy Citizens" <info@advocacy.energycitizens.org>
Date: September 19, 2013 10:11:51 AM GMT-06:00
To: Bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com
Subject: Tell the White House - Approve Keystone XL Now!
Reply-To: "Energy Citizens" <info@energycitizens.org>

Dear Bobby,

A lot can happen in less than 5 years:

Constitution was ratified
. . .3 years
The Hoover Dam was constructed
. . .4 years
Lewis & Clark traveled across America
. . .3 years

Yet today marks 5 years since the Keystone XL pipeline was submitted and it is still mired in red tape and delay.

Tell President Obama it's time to build the Keystone XL and put Americans back to work.

Despite numerous studies that show no ill effects from KXL – President Obama continues to delay his decision costing us:

More than 20,000 manufacturing and construction jobs.

117,000 jobs from oil sand resource development by 2035.

$20 billion in new spending in the US economy.

$170 billion added to the economy over 25 years.

$585 million in taxes for states along the pipeline route.

In addition, it would enhance US energy security with 800,000 barrels of oil per day from our politically stable, dependable ally Canada, reducing our dependence on foreign oil imports from unfriendly nations.

Five years is along enough. We must keep the pressure on President Obama and his cabinet appointees – approve the Keystone XL pipeline now!

Contact the White House and speak out on Keystone XL pipeline today!

Sincerely,

The Energy Citizens Team

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Energy Citizens | P.O. Box 54 | Alexandria, VA 22313

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Fwd: Morning Bell: What You Need to Know About the Debt Limit

Sent from my iPad

Begin forwarded message:

From: "The Heritage Foundation" <morningbell@heritage.org>
Date: September 19, 2013 5:05:57 AM GMT-06:00
To: Bobby Martin <bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com>
Subject: Morning Bell: What You Need to Know About the Debt Limit
Reply-To: morningbell@heritage.org

What You Need to Know About the Debt Limit
09/18/2013

The Congressional Budget Office just dropped a budget update on Washington, and it's not good. The U.S. government is spending recklessly—and Obamacare is adding fuel to the fire.

The new report comes at a crucial time, as negotiations over the debt limit are starting up again. Here are some basics to help you cut through all the political spin.

What is the debt limit?

Yes, it's the legal limit on federal government borrowing—but the debt limit is a wake-up call. It's a chance for Congress and the President to stop the spending insanity.
Share this graphic on Facebook to spread the word

Why does it matter?

Government spending is accelerating with no end in sight as long as entitlement programs keep expanding.

Entitlement spending is the biggest driver of skyrocketing debt. In only 10 years, Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid will devour half of the federal budget.

Of course, Obamacare's new entitlements only add to this mess. Think health care spending is out of control now? "Obamacare is the single biggest factor driving the growth in mandatory health care spending over the next decade," warns Heritage expert Alyene Senger. The insurance exchanges, the Medicaid expansion… it's all adding to our spending problem.

What should Congress do?

In a new Rasmussen poll, 58 percent of Americans "favor a federal budget that cuts spending." Right on. Congress should cut spending, reform these programs that are ballooning the debt, and put the budget on a path to balance within 10 years. Facing the debt ceiling gives them the opportunity to correct the catastrophic course we are on.

Read the Morning Bell and more en español every day at Heritage Libertad.

Quick Hits:

Don't panic: What (really) happens during a government "shutdown"?

Starbucks, apparently bowing to pressure, is requesting U.S. customers refrain from bringing guns to its cafes.

Chipotle's hyped anti-"Big Food" video ignores the reality that lots of people need moderately priced nutrition.

What do pedestrians in Times Square know about Obamacare? Find out from the man (and woman) on the street.

Death by tweet: The Taliban used Twitter to take credit for an assassination.

Check out this Republican group's entry to the Obama Administration's Obamacare video contest.

Print | Comments | Forward | Donate

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Tuesday, September 17, 2013

Fwd: Human Spaceflight News - September 17, 2013 and JSC Today

Sent from my iPad

Begin forwarded message:

> From: "Moon, Larry J. (JSC-EA411)" <larry.j.moon@nasa.gov>
> Date: September 17, 2013 5:56:48 AM GMT-06:00
> To: "Moon, Larry J. (JSC-EA411)" <larry.j.moon@nasa.gov>
> Subject: FW: Human Spaceflight News - September 17, 2013 and JSC Today
>

>
>
>
>
> Tuesday, September 17, 2013
>
> Read JSC Today in your browser
>
> View Archives
>
> JSC 2.0
>
> JSC External Homepage
>
> Inside JSC
>
> JSC Events
>
> Submit JSC Today
>
> JSC Roundup
>
> Reader's Room
>
> NASA News
>
> Connect
>
> Category Definitions
>
> JSC TODAY CATEGORIES
>
> Headlines
> - Morpheus Test Today
> - International Clean Up the World Weekend
> Organizations/Social
> - ASIA ERG Call for Officer Nominations
> - Engineers Without Borders: JSC Intro Session
> - Preparation for the INCOSE ASEP/CSEP Exam
> - AIAA Houston - New Issue of 'Horizons' Available
> Jobs and Training
> - ISS EDMS User Forum
> - Extended TDY FedTraveler Live Lab: Sept. 18
> - RLLS Portal WebEx Training for September
> Community
> - Electronics Recycling Drive
> - Volunteer Opportunity: Citizen Schools
>
>
> Calm Skies Over Three Oceans
>
>
>
> Headlines
>
> Morpheus Test Today
> Morpheus is planning a tether test of its "Bravo" prototype lander today. The test will be streamed live on JSC's UStream channel. View the live stream and progress updates here.
>
> Test firing is planned for approximately 1 to 2 p.m. The live stream will begin about 45 minutes before ignition.
>
> As a safety reminder, on-site viewers should stay back by Building 14 or Building 18, and not enter the field during operations.
>
> Morpheus is a vertical test bed vehicle being used to mature new, non-toxic propulsion systems and autonomous landing and hazard detection technologies.
>
> Note: Testing operations are dynamic; actual firing time may vary and tests may be postponed or rescheduled with little notice. Follow Morpheus on Twitter @MorpheusLander or view the feed from our website for updates.
>
> For more information, visit:
>
> http://www.morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov
>
> http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/exploration/morpheus/
>
> Or, contact Wendy Watkins.
>
> Wendy Watkins http://www.morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov
>
> [top]
>
> International Clean Up the World Weekend
> This coming weekend (Sept. 20 to 22) is International Clean Up the World Weekend. Thousands of groups all over the globe are working to clean up our environment, increase awareness about sustainability and environmental issues and protect our resources. In honor of this event, think of ways you can "clean up" your space here at work and at home. Tidy up your workstations and storage areas. Reuse materials or recycle where you can! Look for expired or extra material that can be excessed. Find more recycling and reuse information on the JSC Environmental Office recycling Web page.
>
> JSC Environmental Office x36207 http://www6.jsc.nasa.gov/ja/ja13/recycling.cfm
>
> [top]
>
> Organizations/Social
>
> ASIA ERG Call for Officer Nominations
> The Asians Succeeding in Aerospace (ASIA) Employee Resource Group (ERG) for JSC civil servants is making an open call for officer nominations. Officer positions include: Chair, Co-Chair and Secretary. We are also looking for volunteers to lead various committees/projects (membership, communications, programs, mentoring and recruitment). If interested, please submit your name, ERG position sought, short bio (less than 300 words) and a picture to Sophia Smith by Wednesday, Sept. 25.
>
> The election will be held on Oct. 1 from 11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. in Building 1, Conference Room 360.
>
> Event Date: Tuesday, October 1, 2013 Event Start Time:11:30 AM Event End Time:12:30 PM
> Event Location: B.1/CR 360
>
> Add to Calendar
>
> Sophia Mao Smith 281-226-4997 https://collaboration.ndc.nasa.gov/iierg/ASIA/SitePages/Home.aspx
>
> [top]
>
> Engineers Without Borders: JSC Intro Session
> Ever wonder what Engineers Without Borders is and what they do? Then come out on Wednesday, Sept. 18, in Building 7, Room 141, from noon to 1 p.m. to learn about the JSC chapter and find out how you can get involved. No RSVP needed.
>
> Angela Cason x40903 http://ewb-jsc.org/index.html
>
> [top]
>
> Preparation for the INCOSE ASEP/CSEP Exam
> The Texas Gulf Coast Chapter of INCOSE is organizing a 12-week, lunch-hour study group series beginning on Sept. 27 as preparation for the INCOSE Systems Engineering Professional (ASEP/CSEP) certification. This series will prepare you to register for and pass the ASEP/CSEP exam. There is NO cost to join this study group. Please respond BY SEPT. 23 to Brad Granderson if you are interested in participating in this study group. This group is open to any INCOSE members, current Systems Engineering professionals or those interested in learning more about Systems Engineering.
>
> If you would like to know more about the INCOSE certification, including what it is, its benefits and different levels, visit the INCOSE website.
>
> Larry Spratlin 281-461-5218
>
> [top]
>
> AIAA Houston - New Issue of 'Horizons' Available
> The May/June 2013 issue of Horizons is now online. Horizons is the newsletter of the Houston Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). The cover story is, "The Biggest Myth about the First Moon Landing" by Paul Fjeld, space artist, and includes an original acrylic painting for our cover illustration. This issue also contains an article on the Team America Rocketry Challenge (Harold Larson), a synopsis of our May 2013 Annual Technical Symposium (Dr. Steven E. Everett) and an article called Rendezvous Endgame (Daniel R. Adamo, astrodynamics consultant). Our partnership with the JSC Astronomical Society continues in this issue, with an article about how to make your own astronomer's chair. This issue concludes with part 6 of 8 from "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" This is our page by page high resolution reprint of the 1952-1954 Collier's series of magazine articles from a team led by Wernher von Braun.
>
> Michael Frostad 206-963-6858 http://www.aiaahouston.org
>
> [top]
>
> Jobs and Training
>
> ISS EDMS User Forum
> The International Space Station (ISS) Electronic Document Management System (EDMS) team will hold the monthly General User Training Forum this Thursday, Sept. 19, at 9:30 a.m. in Building 4S, Conference Room 5315. WebEx and telecom provided.
>
> If you use EDMS to locate station documents, join us to learn about basic navigation and searching. Bring your questions, concerns and suggestions and meet the station EDMS Customer Support team. The agenda can be found here.
>
> Event Date: Thursday, September 19, 2013 Event Start Time:9:30 AM Event End Time:10:30 AM
> Event Location: JSC 4S/5315 Webex/Telecon
>
> Add to Calendar
>
> LaNell Cobarruvias x48999 https://iss-www.jsc.nasa.gov/nwo/apps/edms/web/UserForums.shtml
>
> [top]
>
> Extended TDY FedTraveler Live Lab: Sept. 18
> Do you need some hands-on, personal help with FedTraveler.com? Join the Business Systems and Process Improvement Office for an Extended TDY FedTraveler Live Lab tomorrow, Sept. 18, any time between 9 a.m. and noon in Building 12, Room 142. Our help desk representatives will be available to help you work through Extended TDY travel processes and learn more about using FedTraveler during this informal workshop. Bring your current travel documents or specific questions that you have about the system and join us for some hands-on, in-person help with FedTraveler. If you'd like to sign up for this Extended TDY FedTraveler Live Lab, log into SATERN and register. For additional information, please contact Judy Seier at x32771. To register in SATERN, click on this SATERN direct link: https://satern.nasa.gov/learning/user/deeplink_redirect.jsp?linkId=SCHEDULED_...
>
> Gina Clenney x39851
>
> [top]
>
> RLLS Portal WebEx Training for September
> The September weekly RLLS Portal Education Series:
>
> Sept. 19 at 2 p.m. CDT, Physical Logical Access Training
> Sept. 26 at 2 p.m. CDT, Translation Support Training
> The 30-minute training sessions are computer-based WebEx sessions, offering individuals the convenience to join from their own workstation. The training will cover the following:
>
> System login
> Locating support modules
> Locating downloadable instructions
> Creating support requests
> Submittal requirements
> Submitting on behalf of another
> Adding attachments
> Selecting special requirements
> Submitting a request
> Status of a request
> Ending each session there will be a Q&A opportunity. Please remember that TTI will no longer accept requests for U.S.-performed services unless they are submitted through the RLLS Portal.
>
> Email or call 281-335-8565 to sign up.
>
> James Welty 281-335-8565 https://www.tti-portal.com
>
> [top]
>
> Community
>
> Electronics Recycling Drive
> There will be an electronics recycling drive this Saturday, Sept. 21, from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. at Clear Brook High School in Friendswood. Anything electronic or with wires is accepted (examples: computers, monitors, printers, phones, stereos, wire, clocks, game consoles and small appliances). There is no limit to the quantity of items that can be donated. The old tube-type TVs cannot be accepted, but flat-screen TVs and projection TVs are fine.
>
> Event Date: Saturday, September 21, 2013 Event Start Time:9:00 AM Event End Time:2:00 PM
> Event Location: Clear Brook High School, Friendswood
>
> Add to Calendar
>
> Pete Sprunger 281-226-6962
>
> [top]
>
> Volunteer Opportunity: Citizen Schools
> This fall, you have the unique opportunity to help kids discover and achieve their dreams with Citizen Schools. Citizen Schools work with at-risk middle school students and help students learn about new careers and futures through hands-on, real-world "apprenticeships" taught by people like you.
>
> By volunteering once a week over the course of the semester, you will be able to share your skills and knowledge with low-income students at struggling Houston Independent School District schools (Fondren Middle School). The students you will work with are in sixth graders, which is a pivotal time to influence future college and career choices. We are also soliciting volunteers for a lesser commitment to work in teams. You can learn more about the experience and at our information session today, Sept. 17, in Building 1, Room 765, from 11 a.m. to noon. If you have any questions, contact Mark Jernigan or Michael Trabert. The classes are either Tuesday or Thursday, starting next week.
>
> Event Date: Tuesday, September 17, 2013 Event Start Time:11:00 AM Event End Time:12:00 PM
> Event Location: 1-765
>
> Add to Calendar
>
> Mark Jernigan x39528
>
> [top]
>
>
>
> JSC Today is compiled periodically as a service to JSC employees on an as-submitted basis. Any JSC organization or employee may submit articles.
>
> Disclaimer: Accuracy and content of these notes are the responsibility of the submitters.
>
>
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>
>
>
> NASA TV: 1 pm Central (2 EDT) – Orbital Sciences/Cygnus D-1 pre-launch news conference
>
>
>
> Human Spaceflight News
>
> Tuesday – September 17, 2013
>
>
>
> HEADLINES AND LEADS
>
>
>
> Chocolate coming on next space station delivery
>
>
>
> Marcia Dunn - Associated Press
>
>
>
> A U.S. company makes its debut this week as a space station delivery service. And the lone American aboard the orbiting lab is counting on a fresh stash of chocolate. In an interview Monday with The Associated Press, NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg said she can't wait for this weekend's arrival of a new cargo ship named Cygnus. She says it should be similar to other shipments at the International Space Station, even though it will be a first for Orbital Sciences Corp. Orbital Sciences is scheduled to launch an unmanned Antares rocket containing Cygnus on Wednesday. NASA is paying Orbital Sciences and the California-based SpaceX company to keep the space station well stocked. The U.S. space shuttle program, which did that work in the past, has ended. (NO FURTHER TEXT)
>
>
>
> NASA clears Orbital Sciences for test flight to space station
>
>
>
> Irene Klotz - Reuters
>
>
>
> NASA on Monday cleared a second commercial company to launch a cargo ship to the International Space Station, with blastoff slated this week from a Virginia spaceport. If successful, Orbital Sciences Corp. would join privately owned Space Exploration Technologies, also known as SpaceX, in flying supplies to the space station, a $100 billion research complex that orbits about 250 miles above Earth. Orbital Sciences' two-stage Antares rocket, which made a successful debut flight in April, is scheduled to lift off at 10:50 a.m. EDT on Wednesday from the Virginia-owned Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, which operates under a lease agreement with NASA's Wallops Flight Facility.
>
>
>
> Wallops to launch spacecraft to dock with the ISS
>
>
>
> Tamara Dietrich - Hampton Roads Daily Press
>
>
>
> A mere 12 days after finessing its first moon launch, Virginia's fledgling spaceport on Wallops Island plans another first: launching a commercial cargo craft to the International Space Station. At 10:50 Wednesday morning, a massive Antares rocket is slated to lift off from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on the Eastern Shore. It will boost a Cygnus cargo spacecraft packed with 1,300 pounds of food, clothing and tools to attempt to dock with the orbiting space station. The launch was originally set for Tuesday, but was delayed because of poor weather Friday and a bad communications cable that needed replacing, said NASA. Now if Wednesday's launch is successful, the Cygnus will become only the second commercial ship to dock with the station after SpaceX berthed its Dragon capsule last year, making history and international headlines.
>
>
>
> Virginia's bet brings big launches to the mid-Atlantic
>
>
>
> Stephen Clark – SpaceflightNow.com
>
>
>
> NASA's Wallops Flight Facility, nestled on a quaint stretch of Virginia's rural coastline, has an active autumn launch schedule this year, one sign a nearly $150 million investment by state and federal governments is starting to pay off. With four space missions planned for liftoff in a span of about three months, the Virginia spaceport is operating at a pace unmatched since the heady days of the Space Race in the 1960s. According to its website, the NASA-owned facility has launched more than 14,000 rockets since it was established in 1945. But the bulk of those launches were of lightweight sounding rockets lofted on suborbital trajectories.
>
>
>
> Private Spacecraft 'Go' for 1st Space Station Launch Wednesday
>
>
>
> Mike Wall - Space.com
>
>
>
> A commercial cargo capsule has been cleared for its debut flight on Wednesday (Sept. 18), a liftoff that will blast the robotic vessel on a demonstration mission to the International Space Station. The unmanned Cygnus spacecraft, which is built by aerospace firm Orbital Sciences, passed its launch readiness review and is now set to lift off Wednesday from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, officials announced Monday.
>
>
>
> Orbital Sciences Corp. will try this week to join SpaceX as nation's commercial space truckers
>
>
>
> Lee Roop - Huntsville Times
>
>
>
> Orbital Sciences Corp. has delayed by 24 hours its attempt this week to become the second private company to send a supply capsule to the International Space Station. The Antares rocket and Cygnus spacecraft are now scheduled to leave this Virginia launch site Wednesday between 9:50 and 10:05 a.m. CDT. NASA blamed the delay on bad weather that delayed roll-out of the rocket Sept. 13 and a problem in communications between ground controllers and the rocket's flight computer. That communications problem has been fixed. Orbital is attempting to follow Space X in successfully sending an unscrewed capsule to the station. This is a demonstration flight, so the the Cygnus capsule will carry about 1,300 pounds of useful - but not critical - cargo to the station, including food and clothing. If Orbital can succeed in this and a second launch in a few months, it will move into a good position to keep NASA funding in the next round of government contracts. Capture by the space station will be Sunday at 6:17 a.m. CDT, and all events will be broadcast live on NASA TV. (NO FURTHER TEXT)
>
>
>
> Orbital Sciences Primed for First Cygnus Cargo Mission to Space Station
>
>
>
> Ben Evans – AmericaSpace.com
>
>
>
> After many delays, Orbital Sciences Corp. stands ready to stage the long-awaited Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Demonstration Mission—designated "ORB-D"—of its Cygnus cargo craft to the International Space Station. Liftoff of the two-stage Antares rocket, carrying Cygnus, was originally scheduled for 11:16 a.m. EDT Tuesday, 17 September, at the start of a 15-minute "launch window," after which the craft would have pursued a five-day independent flight to rendezvous with the multi-national outpost. However, Orbital reported Saturday that it would postpone the launch "by at least 24 hours," due to a combination of poor weather at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Va., during Antares' rollout to Pad 0A and a technical issue which arose during a combined systems test Friday evening. "After comprehensive inspection and testing," Orbital explained, "the problem was found and turned out to be an inoperative cable, which is being replaced." Antares teams are currently working toward a new launch time of 10:50 a.m. EDT Wednesday, 18 September. In a manner not dissimilar to the profile adopted by SpaceX's Dragon vehicle, Cygnus will be captured by the station's 57-foot-long Canadarm2 robotic arm—controlled by Expedition 37 astronauts Karen Nyberg and Luca Parmitano—and berthed at the "nadir" (Earth-facing) port of the Harmony node Saturday, 22 September.
>
>
>
> In Honor of David: Astronaut who inspired Orbital's first Cygnus mission
>
>
>
> Ben Evans - AmericaSpace.com
>
>
>
> Only days remain before the scheduled 18 September launch of the first Cygnus cargo mission to the International Space Station by Orbital Sciences Corp. Liftoff of the second Antares booster, which follows hard on the heels of April's test flight, will occur from Pad 0A at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Va., and is expected to deliver Cygnus on a month-long journey to the multi-national orbiting outpost. Last week, Orbital tweeted that it was naming the first Cygnus craft in honor of former senior executive and three-time shuttle astronaut G. David Low. As part of AmericaSpace's coverage of this important mission for Orbital, this weekend's history articles will focus on the larger-than-life character, legacy, and space missions of Low, who died in 2008.
>
>
>
> Lynx space plane taking off: Q&A with XCOR Aerospace CEO Jeff Greason
>
>
>
> Govert Schilling - Space.com
>
>
>
> In an old World War II-era hangar here in this blistering-hot town, a passionate group of young aerospace engineers is building a private spaceship called Lynx. Developed by XCOR Aerospace, Lynx is the main competitor of Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo, built by Scaled Composites, also in Mojave. Commercial flights of the Lynx space plane are expected to commence in 2015, mainly through the Dutch company Space Expedition Corporation. SPACE.com talked to XCOR's CEO Jeff Greason about the company, Lynx and the rise of private spaceflight. (This interview has been edited for length and clarity.)
>
>
>
> A critical time for commercial launch providers
>
>
>
> Jeff Foust – The Space Review
>
>
>
> For a time last week, it looked like we would be in the midst of an unusually concentrated period of critical launches. In the span of less than a week, four launches of new, nearly new, or returning to flight vehicles were on global launch manifests: the inaugural launch of Japan's Epsilon small launch vehicle, the first launch of SpaceX's upgraded Falcon 9 v1.1, the second launch of Orbital Sciences Corporations Antares rocket carrying the first Cygnus cargo spacecraft, and the first Proton launch since a dramatic launch failure in early July.
>
>
>
> End of WWII Model Shakes Up Aerospace Industry
>
>
>
> Jim Cantrell - Space News (Opinion)
>
>
>
> (Cantrell is president and chief executive of Strategic Space Development, an aerospace and technology consulting firm based in Tucson, Ariz.)
>
>
>
> Efforts undertaken to arm the United States to fight as part of World War II are almost beyond criticism in American politics. It may be surprising to many of us then that the policies and efforts employed over 70 years ago still affect our industry today and are in many ways at the heart of the current malaise that is plaguing our domestic aerospace industry.
>
>
>
> Beam me down, Scotty
>
>
>
> Tom Toles - Washington Post (Opinion)
>
>
>
> I like writing about space because everybody disagrees with me. I sound like a luddite and a miserly, passionless utilitarian one at that, and I'd happily agree to being all those things if they were true, but actually I am frequently enchanted by technology and am a veritable Peter Pan of adventure romance at heart. It just so happens I've looked at the space project without blinders, and people don't want, and I mean REALLY REALY don't want to face a very disillusioning reality.
>
>
>
> The space station's phone has a Houston area code
>
>
>
> Craig Hlavaty - Houston Chronicle's The Texican
>
>
>
> The Washington Post has a great new piece on the function of the International Space Station and what it will mean to the next few decades of manned spaceflight. Still, few people think about what's going on up there. Even the most famous astronaut in recent pop culture history, Chris Hadfield, says that the life of an ISS dweller is an anonymous one. He had to make cool viral videos for people to be reminded of it, and he did a good damned job of that. The WashPo feature has lots of great color on the ISS. Satellite TV is spotty, though you can probably see one of the satellites beaming out Breaking Bad to homes across the world just a few miles in distance. You can't smoke and you can't knock back a cold (or stiff one) after one of your 12-hour shifts. Standard astronaut stuff. But there was also the tidbit that the ISS has a phone number with a 281 area code. Remember back in May when we talked about area code superiority? At the time, I found that most Houstonians saw 281 as a dumpy scarlet letter which meant you lived outside the Inner Loop. You cannot call the ISS though, but they can make calls out. All my prank call dreams are now dashed.
>
>
>
> Richard Garriott, second-generation space traveler, auctions historic rocket model
>
>
>
> Robert Pearlman - collectSPACE.com
>
>
>
> The first American to follow in his father's footsteps by flying in space is auctioning some of his memorabilia, including a rare rocket ship model based on a design by Russia's "father of space travel." Richard Garriott, a famous computer game developer who in 2008 funded his own multi-million dollar launch to the International Space Station (ISS), is selling items from his eclectic collection of automobiles, automatons and space artifacts. The sale will be held this Saturday by Austin Auction Gallery in Texas.
>
>
>
> CONSTITUTION DAY – Tuesday, Sept. 17
>
>
>
> http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst.html
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> 225 years ago on Sept. 17, 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia completed work on the Constitution of the United States. In so doing, they ensured the survival of the bold promise of freedom made 11 years earlier by the Declaration of Independence. Although the fulfillment of that promise required 27 amendments to the Constitution, as well as a Civil War, the basic principles enunciated during that extraordinary gathering proved to be the lasting foundation of a democratic government that, in Thomas Jefferson's immortal words, "derives its just powers from the consent of the governed…"
>
> __________
>
>
>
> COMPLETE STORIES
>
>
>
> NASA clears Orbital Sciences for test flight to space station
>
>
>
> Irene Klotz - Reuters
>
>
>
> NASA on Monday cleared a second commercial company to launch a cargo ship to the International Space Station, with blastoff slated this week from a Virginia spaceport.
>
>
>
> If successful, Orbital Sciences Corp. would join privately owned Space Exploration Technologies, also known as SpaceX, in flying supplies to the space station, a $100 billion research complex that orbits about 250 miles above Earth.
>
>
>
> Orbital Sciences' two-stage Antares rocket, which made a successful debut flight in April, is scheduled to lift off at 10:50 a.m. EDT on Wednesday from the Virginia-owned Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, which operates under a lease agreement with NASA's Wallops Flight Facility.
>
>
>
> The 133-foot (40.5 meter) tall rocket will be carrying the company's first Cygnus cargo capsule.
>
>
>
> Like SpaceX's Dragon capsules, which so far have made three flights to the space station, Cygnus is intended to restore a U.S. supply line to the station following the retirement of NASA's space shuttles in 2011.
>
>
>
> "We have them lined up to use them fairly regularly," NASA's space station program manager Mike Suffredini told reporters during a prelaunch press conference.
>
>
>
> "This is what we said was going to be the fleet to take care of the U.S. segment (of the space station) and we need to have it," Suffredini said.
>
>
>
> Russia, Europe and Japan also fly freighters to the station, a partnership of 15 nations.
>
>
>
> Unlike traditional government contracts, NASA provided $684 million in seed funds as well as technical support to SpaceX and Orbital Sciences to develop their rockets, capsules and launch facilities.
>
>
>
> The firms also hold a combined $3.5 billion in contracts to fly cargo to the station for NASA.
>
>
>
> SpaceX, which was awarded its development contract in 2006, is preparing to debut an upgraded version of its Falcon 9 rocket later this month.
>
>
>
> NASA wants SpaceX to have two or three missions under its belt with the new rocket before resuming supply runs to the station, Suffredini said.
>
>
>
> Orbital Sciences, which began its partnership with NASA 18 months later, stands to collect a final $2.5 million development payment from NASA upon completion of its demonstration flight to the station.
>
>
>
> If the launch occurs as planned on Wednesday, astronauts aboard the station on Sunday plan to use a robotic crane to pluck the Cygnus capsule from orbit and attach it to a docking port.
>
>
>
> Unlike Dragon capsules, Cygnus spacecraft are designed to burn up in the atmosphere after they are loaded with trash and depart the station.
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>
>
> For its orbital debut, Cygnus will be carrying a half-load of about 1,543 pounds (700 kg) of food and other cargo considered "non-essential" by NASA in case the rocket or spacecraft encounters problems and cannot reach the station.
>
>
>
> "For a demo flight, we don't typically fill them up," Suffredini said.
>
>
>
> Cygnus is expected to remain docked at the station for about a month. Should the mission be successful, Orbital Sciences plans to return to that station in December for the first flight under a $1.9 billion cargo resupply contract with NASA.
>
>
>
> For now, NASA is the only customer for Cygnus, but Orbital Sciences expects new business as the United States and other countries launch exploration initiatives beyond the space station's orbit.
>
>
>
> "We think Cygnus has the capability to do a lot more than just deliver cargo to the station," said Frank Culbertson, a former astronaut who now serves as Orbital Science's executive vice president.
>
>
>
> Thales Alenia Space, a consortium led by Europe's largest defense electronics company, France's Thales, is a prime contractor on the capsule.
>
>
>
> Wallops to launch spacecraft to dock with the ISS
>
>
>
> Tamara Dietrich - Hampton Roads Daily Press
>
>
>
> A mere 12 days after finessing its first moon launch, Virginia's fledgling spaceport on Wallops Island plans another first: launching a commercial cargo craft to the International Space Station.
>
>
>
> At 10:50 Wednesday morning, a massive Antares rocket is slated to lift off from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on the Eastern Shore. It will boost a Cygnus cargo spacecraft packed with 1,300 pounds of food, clothing and tools to attempt to dock with the orbiting space station.
>
>
>
> The launch was originally set for Tuesday, but was delayed because of poor weather Friday and a bad communications cable that needed replacing, said NASA.
>
>
>
> Now if Wednesday's launch is successful, the Cygnus will become only the second commercial ship to dock with the station after SpaceX berthed its Dragon capsule last year, making history and international headlines.
>
>
>
> "There's a lot of excitement at Wallops because this payload will be going to the International Space Station," said Jeff Reddish,¿ a NASA project manager. "It puts Wallops into an operational mode for this rocket."
>
>
>
> Reddish began working at Wallops as a mechanical engineer in 1988 when the focus was on the suborbital sounding rockets the 68-year-old facility is best known for.
>
>
>
> But in the last few years, Virginia's leaders began pushing to positioning the commonwealth as a new Space Coast, building a $145 million liquid-fuel launch pad and support facilities to accommodate bigger rockets for bigger missions and private space customers.
>
>
>
> Dale K. Nash, executive director of the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority that oversees MARS, said the Cygnus mission will confirm the full operational capability of MARS and its new pad.
>
>
>
> In April, the Antares completed a successful test launch from the facility, but with only a simulated Cygnus capsule aboard.
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>
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> Wednesday's far more ambitious demonstration mission is the latest milestone for MARS and for Orbital Sciences Corp. toward fulfilling a $1.9 billion resupply contract with NASA. Orbital is the Dulles-based space transport company that built the Antares and the Cygnus.
>
>
>
> If successful, the demonstration mission clears the way for Orbital to make eight resupply runs from MARS to the station well into 2016 in what Nash calls a "very good partnership" benefiting both the commonwealth and the nation.
>
>
>
> "Everyone is upbeat right now," said Keith Koehler, spokesman at Wallops. "We are still riding high from the LADEE launch on Sept. 6, and people are working hard to turn things around and get Antares launched successfully."
>
>
>
> LADEE — or the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Experiment Explorer — is a NASA probe that will orbit the moon for 100 days, analyzing dust particles to better understand the moon's ultrathin atmosphere. It was the first time Wallops launched anything beyond Earth's orbit.
>
>
>
> The week leading up to Wednesday's launch was spent in a dress rehearsal, followed by rolling out the rocket and spacecraft to the launch pad on Friday, said Reddish. There, Orbital put it through its paces in pre-launch tests. Sunday was a pre-launch readiness review, then data flow and other tests on Monday.
>
>
>
> There's a slim 15-minute launch window Wednesday, so a delay beyond that means a mission scrub and rescheduling for another day.
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> The 132-foot, medium-lift Antares will fall into the Atlantic once the Cygnus separates, so Reddish said they're deploying boats and surveillance aircraft well in advance to keep people clear of the hazard area.
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>
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> NASA plans live launch coverage beginning at 10 a.m. Wednesday. Go to http://www.nasa.gov/ntv for information and streaming.
>
>
>
> If the Antares launches on schedule, NASA says the Cygnus is scheduled to rendezvous with the space station early Sunday morning. NASA plans TV coverage of that event, too.
>
>
>
> Virginia's bet brings big launches to the mid-Atlantic
>
>
>
> Stephen Clark – SpaceflightNow.com
>
>
>
> NASA's Wallops Flight Facility, nestled on a quaint stretch of Virginia's rural coastline, has an active autumn launch schedule this year, one sign a nearly $150 million investment by state and federal governments is starting to pay off.
>
>
>
> With four space missions planned for liftoff in a span of about three months, the Virginia spaceport is operating at a pace unmatched since the heady days of the Space Race in the 1960s.
>
>
>
> According to its website, the NASA-owned facility has launched more than 14,000 rockets since it was established in 1945. But the bulk of those launches were of lightweight sounding rockets lofted on suborbital trajectories.
>
>
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> Only a few dozen of the launches put satellites in orbit.
>
>
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> For the first time since the 1970s, Wallops has a steady lineup of space launches over the next few years as Orbital Sciences Corp. begins flying resupply missions to the International Space Station.
>
>
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> The first of at least nine Antares rocket launches to the space station is scheduled for Wednesday. This week's launch will kick off a demonstration mission of Orbital's Cygnus cargo spacecraft, and eight operational flights will follow under a $1.9 billion contract with NASA.
>
>
>
> On a pace of two or three resupply flights per year, the Cygnus manifest will keep Wallops and the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority, operator of the Wallops launch pads, busy for much of the decade.
>
>
>
> "I have to say it looks pretty good, providing the missions continue to come," said Bill Wrobel, director of the Wallops Flight Facility.
>
>
>
> An occasional launch of Orbital's smaller solid-fueled Minotaur rocket added to the mix makes for a sweet recipe for Dale Nash, executive director of the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority.
>
>
>
> It's all helping put Virginia's Eastern Shore on the map as a space hub.
>
>
>
> About a four-hour drive southeast of Washington, D.C., Wallops lies in a region known more for factory farming, the draw of the wild ponies of Chincoteague Island, and as a weekend getaway for landlocked Washingtonians seeking a summertime respite.
>
>
>
> But rocket launches - and social media - are helping to change that.
>
>
>
> When NASA's moon-bound LADEE mission blasted off in early September, its streak into space from Virginia lit up both the night sky and Twitter along the East Coast in a late-night launch visible from the homes of tens of millions of people from New England to North Carolina.
>
>
>
> The mission got a second boost on social media last week when a frog photobomb hit the interweb.
>
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> "Antares really puts us on the map in that we can support the International Space Station, and we can put up satellites in the 12,000-pound range," Nash said. "That's a significant step. That all came about from the state of Virginia, with congressional support from Maryland, getting the funding, the approval and the commitment to come in here."
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> Beginning with the Sept. 6 launch of NASA's LADEE lunar orbiter aboard a Minotaur 5 rocket, derived from decommissioned Peacekeeper missile stages, the busy stretch of launches continues with Wednesday's flight of an Antares booster on a test run to the space station.
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> A Minotaur 1 rocket, a smaller version of the Minotaur powered by Minuteman missile motors, is scheduled to blast off Nov. 4 with a cache of 29 satellites on a U.S. Defense Department mission.
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> The manifest calls for another Antares launch in December on Orbital's first contracted resupply flight to the space station.
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> "We're really beginning to click on all cylinders," Nash said. "I think we'll not only be able to pull off these two launches within a couple of weeks of each other, but we will pull off two more before the end of the year."
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> The Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority, a state agency of the Virginia government, runs two launch pads at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, colloquially known as MARS. The infrastructure is on land leased by Virginia from NASA, which is in charge of range support, safety, and rocket tracking systems.
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> MARS operates pads 0A and 0B lying about 1,500 feet apart on the sandy Atlantic coastline.
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> Launch pad 0A, the northernmost of the pads, was the first all-new launch pad built in the United States for a liquid-fueled rocket in more than 40 years. Virginia, Orbital Sciences and NASA divided the facility's cost.
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> The launch pads and the Antares processing hangar cost nearly $150 million, Nash said.
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> "That was very challenging, but we're beginning to feel like we're hitting our stride," Nash said.
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> The Antares pad faced more than a year of construction delays as engineers struggled with the pad's liquid fueling systems, but Nash said the facility performed well in its first use during the April test launch of Orbital's Antares rocket.
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> "Even though it's only our second mission," Nash said, referring to Wednesday's Antares launch, "it really feels like we've done multiple. We did a fair amount of testing to begin with, we did have two scrubs before we launched with the maiden flight. It is so much easier getting the pad prepared and ready to take the rocket this time."
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> Launch pad 0B, employing a simpler design tailored for solid-fueled rockets like the Minotaur, was first used on a satellite launch in 2006. It has facilitated five Minotaur missions to date.
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> "It is a challenge," Nash said. "Fortunately, we've got a lot of good people. We've got several people who have moved here from the space program, primarily in Florida, and great support with NASA bringing people in from different centers. But we've been able to also home-grow a lot of talent from the local area here, from Virginia, Maryland and some from Delaware, a few from Pennsylvania. We're organically growing our younger engineers and technicians and placing them around the old crows who have been in this business for a long time."
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> Nash said his team of about 60 engineers and technicians is working a "fair amount of overtime" to support the rapid launch cadence.
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> "This is a lot of effort," Nash said. "The two state-owned MARS launch pads are right next to each other. We're in close proximity, so we have to work around each other."
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> Once the Antares is off the pad, attention at MARS will turn to the next Minotaur 1 launch in early November. The mission is sponsored by the Pentagon's Operationally Responsive Space office, a unit tasked with delivering tactical and research satellites on a tight budget.
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> The Minotaur 1's main payload is the STPSat 3 satellite, which hosts five technological research payloads and a de-orbit module. STPSat 3 is already at Wallops being prepared for the launch.
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> Twenty-eight CubeSats - tiny palm-sized satellites built by students, researchers and commercial entities - are also hitching a ride on the Nov. 4 launch.
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> Then Orbital will commence work on its eight-launch contract with NASA for commercial resupply of the space station, beginning as soon as December.
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> At least two more Antares launches to the space station are on tap in 2014.
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> As long as the space station keeps flying, it will need supplies, experiments and spare parts from U.S. spacecraft like those developed by Orbital Sciences and SpaceX, NASA's other cargo transportation provider.
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> Wallops and the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport have banked on it.
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> "The good thing is with space station resupply, I'd say the future looks pretty bright," Wrobel said.
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> Private Spacecraft 'Go' for 1st Space Station Launch Wednesday
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> Mike Wall - Space.com
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> A commercial cargo capsule has been cleared for its debut flight on Wednesday (Sept. 18), a liftoff that will blast the robotic vessel on a demonstration mission to the International Space Station.
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> The unmanned Cygnus spacecraft, which is built by aerospace firm Orbital Sciences, passed its launch readiness review and is now set to lift off Wednesday from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, officials announced Monday.
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> "@OrbitalSciences & NASA managers are go for Sept. 18 10:50amET #Cygnus launch to #ISS. Weather 75% go," NASA officials tweeted Monday.
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> Cygnus will blast off atop Orbital's Antares rocket, which flew to space for the first time this past April. Wednesday's launch is a test to see if the Virginia-based company is ready to start making a series of eight cargo runs to the space station for NASA under a $1.9 billion contract.
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> The liftoff was orginally scheduled to take place Tuesday (Sept. 17). However, a faulty communications link between ground equipment and Antares' flight computer interrupted a key review called the combined systems test (CST) on Friday (Sept. 13), pushing everything back a day.
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> The problem was fixed and the CST was completed late Saturday night (Sept. 14), Orbital officials wrote in a status update over the weekend.
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> After launching to orbit Wednesday, Cygnus will spend four days chasing the space station down, eventually arriving on Sept. 22. Astronauts aboard the orbiting lab will then unload about 1,300 pounds (589 kilograms) of cargo from Cygnus, which is designed to carry up to 5,952 pounds (2,700 kg) of supplies in its enhanced configuration.
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> Cygnus will spend about a month attached to the space station, at which point it will depart and burn up in Earth's atmosphere.
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> Orbital Sciences isn't the only company that holds a NASA cargo contract. California-based SpaceX signed a $1.6 billion dollar deal to make 12 flights to the space station using its Dragon capsule — which, unlike Cygnus, can return hardware and equipment to Earth — and Falcon 9 rocket.
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> Dragon has visited the orbiting lab three times, once on a demonstration mission like the one Orbital is launching this week and the other two times on bona fide supply runs.
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> Orbital Sciences Primed for First Cygnus Cargo Mission to Space Station
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> Ben Evans – AmericaSpace.com
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> After many delays, Orbital Sciences Corp. stands ready to stage the long-awaited Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Demonstration Mission—designated "ORB-D"—of its Cygnus cargo craft to the International Space Station. Liftoff of the two-stage Antares rocket, carrying Cygnus, was originally scheduled for 11:16 a.m. EDT Tuesday, 17 September, at the start of a 15-minute "launch window," after which the craft would have pursued a five-day independent flight to rendezvous with the multi-national outpost. However, Orbital reported Saturday that it would postpone the launch "by at least 24 hours," due to a combination of poor weather at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Va., during Antares' rollout to Pad 0A and a technical issue which arose during a combined systems test Friday evening. "After comprehensive inspection and testing," Orbital explained, "the problem was found and turned out to be an inoperative cable, which is being replaced." Antares teams are currently working toward a new launch time of 10:50 a.m. EDT Wednesday, 18 September. In a manner not dissimilar to the profile adopted by SpaceX's Dragon vehicle, Cygnus will be captured by the station's 57-foot-long Canadarm2 robotic arm—controlled by Expedition 37 astronauts Karen Nyberg and Luca Parmitano—and berthed at the "nadir" (Earth-facing) port of the Harmony node Saturday, 22 September.
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> This week's momentous events come at the end of a long and tortuous development and testing process for both Antares and Cygnus. In January 2006, NASA announced COTS as a program to develop vehicles for the commercial transportation of equipment and eventually crew to and from the ISS. In the early stages, the front runners appeared to be SpaceX and Rocketplane Kistler—both companies having won Phase I of the program in August 2006—but NASA terminated its agreement with RK in September 2007, due to insufficient funding having been raised.
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> As described in last weekend's history articles, it was recently announced that the first Cygnus mission will be named in honor of the late G. David Low, a three-time space shuttle astronaut and Orbital executive. Under his "extraordinarily inspiring" leadership as Senior Vice President and Program Manager of Orbital's COTS effort, from September 2006 until shortly before his death in March 2008, Low served as "a primary architect" in positioning the Dulles, Va.-based corporation to win the second-round selection.
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> In February 2008, NASA announced its selection of Orbital as a COTS partner, and the following December the two winners of the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contracts were identified. Under the provisions of those contracts, NASA "ordered eight flights valued at about $1.9 billion from Orbital and 12 flights valued at about $1.6 billion from SpaceX." The flights were to be executed by the end of 2016, and each company was required to transport a total of approximately 44,000 pounds of supplies to the ISS.
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> Despite having secured such a significant contract in the annals of commercial space endeavor, Orbital endured a multitude of technical and organizational problems which repeatedly delayed the maiden voyage of its large Antares launch vehicle. Propelled by a pair of Aerojet-built AJ-26 engines—whose heritage extends back to the Soviet era, having originated as NK-33 powerplants for Russia's ill-fated N-1 lunar rocket—the 133-foot-tall Antares is Orbital's first cryogenic booster and its largest launcher to date. The AJ-26s are fueled by rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) and liquid oxygen and are part of a consignment of 36 engines bought from Russia in the mid-1990s at a cost of $1.1 million apiece. Orbital added modern electronics and incorporated performance enhancements, and at the instant of launch each AJ-26 produces a sea-level thrust of about 338,000 pounds.
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> During several lengthy test firings since March 2010, the engines have functioned generally well on the test stand. A notable anomaly occurred in June 2011, when one of them caught fire following a kerosene leak, apparently due to stress-corrosion cracks in its 40-year-old metal. At the same time, problems with the MARS site on Wallops Island, Va.—including the construction of new kerosene and liquid oxygen tankage and the certification of propellant-loading operations—have caused other headaches and conspired to delay the first Antares launch well past its original spring 2012 target date.
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> As the rocket evolved, so did its name. Until December 2011, Antares was known by its developmental name of "Taurus II," but this was changed in accordance with Orbital's tradition of using ancient Greek celestial names—Pegasus, Taurus, and Minotaur, for instance – —for its programs. "A launch vehicle of this scale and significance," explained Orbital's President and CEO David Thompson, "deserves its own name." In addition to being one of the brightest stars in the sky, the red-hued supergiant star Antares has also lent its name to the Lunar Module which carried Apollo 14 astronauts Al Shepard and Ed Mitchell to the surface of the Moon in early 1971.
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> Aside from the problems, NASA's confidence in the rocket has remained strong, and in June 2012 the space agency added Antares to its NASA Launch Services Contract (NLS-II), which will enable Orbital to bid for future missions to transport medium-class scientific payloads into space. NASA's confidence was vindicated in spectacular style on 21 April 2013, when the first Antares mission—designated "A-ONE"—rocketed away from Pad 0A at MARS and lofted a mass simulator of the Cygnus craft into an orbit of 155-186 miles, inclined 51.6 degrees to the equator, providing a close analog for the opening minutes of a "real" ISS mission.
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> The enormous success of A-ONE proved a much-needed shot in the arm for Orbital, although initial hopes that ORB-D, the first flight of a "real" Cygnus on the COTS test flight to the ISS, might be attempted as soon as June-July 2013 proved shortsighted. One of the AJ-26 engines on the second Antares required replacement and testing and substantial traffic of visiting cargo craft from other nations to the space station in the June-August timeframe—including Europe's Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)-4 "Albert Einstein" and Japan's H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)-4 "Kounotori" ("White Stork")—produced a No Earlier Than (NET) launch target of mid-September for ORB-D and Cygnus.
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> During the summer months, processing of both the Antares booster and Cygnus have entered high gear. Fueling of the cargo ship's unpressurized Service Module (SM) with hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide maneuvering and station-keeping propellant was conducted at the V-55 Hypergolic Fueling Facility at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility between 15-19 April. Due to the highly volatile nature of both propellants, they were loaded several days apart, and attending technicians were required to wear Self-Contained Environmental Protection Ensemble (SCAPE) "bunny suits." After the completion of fueling, Cygnus was transferred to the Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) for several months, ahead of installation atop Antares in late August.
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> In the meantime, the rocket's two stages had been mated in the HIF in July. In addition to the AJ-26-powered first stage, Antares' second stage is equipped with a Castor-30A engine, built by Alliant TechSystems. With a maximum thrust of 89,000 pounds, this engine was originally part of the first stage of Orbital's Athena and Taurus I rockets and can trace its heritage back to the Peacekeeper missile. Both the A-ONE and Cygnus-1 missions will utilize the Castor-30A. An upgraded Castor-30B motor will be introduced for the first dedicated CRS mission of Cygnus—which may fly as soon as December 2013—and a "stretched" Castor-XL to boost payload capacity from 4,400 pounds to almost 6,000 pounds is expected to power the final five cargo missions in 2014-2016.
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> Rollout of the Antares/ORB-D vehicle, in a horizontal position, to Pad 0A began at 2:30 a.m. EDT Friday, 13 September,and, after a journey of almost a mile from the HIF to the pad, the giant rocket was "hard down" and vertical at the launch complex by 1 p.m. The entire rollout procedure was performed by the Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL), which also interfaces Antares with the Pad 0A support utilities. Orbital's Chairman and CEO David Thompson lauded the successful rollout as "the final steps leading up to next week's launch" and noted that the ORB-D mission marked "the completion of a five-year journey that NASA and our company embarked on in 2008 to create a new medium-class rocket, a sophisticated logistics spacecraft, and a world-class launch site at the Wallops Flight Facility."
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> Cygnus is a two-piece spacecraft, comprising a Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM)—built by Thales Alenia Space and based in design upon the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLMs) used for cargo delivery flights by the shuttle—and Orbital's own home-built Service Module (SM). The former will transport around 1,200 pounds of cargo to the ISS and bring about 2,200 pounds of trash away for a destructive re-entry in the atmosphere. Electrical power for Cygnus comes from a pair of gallium arsenide solar arrays, which produce a total of 4 kW.
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> Assuming that no weather or technical problems conspire to delay Wednesday's planned launch, the Antares/Cygnus flight controllers will receive their "Call to Stations" at around 3 a.m. EDT. By about three hours ahead of the scheduled liftoff time, the process of chilling-down the fuel lines of the rocket's first stage with liquid nitrogen will commence, ahead of the fueling process. As noted by AmericaSpace's Launch Tracker in the run-up to April's A-ONE mission, this chill-down protocol serves to "prevent a shock to the equipment being hit by a rapid temperature change which could cause a catastrophic failure."
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> Finally, the Antares/Cygnus launch team will be polled for its final recommendation. In the minutes after the "Go" call, the first propellants will begin flowing into the AJ-26 engines' fuel lines. This loading process is critically timed to begin 90 minutes ahead of liftoff, due to time limits associated with the rapid boil-off of the cryogenic propellants. The final poll of the launch team will occur in a two-step process, beginning shortly after 10:20 a.m. EDT, and the 75-minute fueling operation should conclude at about 10:35 a.m., with propellants at Flight Ready levels. Three minutes later, the final "Go for Launch" will be received, the vehicle and payload will transfer to internal power, and the Transporter Erector Launcher will be armed to execute a rapid retraction at the instant of liftoff.
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> With five minutes remaining on the clock, Antares' Flight Termination System (FTS)—tasked with destroying the vehicle in the event of a major accident during ascent—will be armed, and at T-3 minutes and 30 seconds the Terminal Count will get underway. The rocket's autosequencer will assume primary control of all vehicle critical functions, commanding all events up to the ignition of the twin AJ-26 engines at T-2 seconds. Under careful computer control, the engines will ramp up to full power, producing a liftoff at 10:50 a.m.
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> Shortly after clearing the Pad 0A tower, Antares will execute a pitch and roll program maneuver to establish it onto the proper flight azimuth. Maximum aerodynamic turbulence will be encountered 80 seconds into the flight, and the AJ-26 engines will continue to burn hot and hard until they finally shut down about four minutes after launch. By now, the vehicle will have reached an altitude of almost 70 miles and the first stage will separate, leaving the Castor-30A-powered second stage and Cygnus to coast for two minutes, prior to jettisoning the bullet-like payload shroud. Ignition of the Castor-30A should occur about at 10:56 a.m., burning for 2.5 minutes and providing a final push to insert the cargo ship into a low-Earth orbit, inclined 51.6 degrees to the equator.
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> Separation of Cygnus from the second stage will occur about ten minutes into the mission. Like SpaceX's Dragon COTS Demonstration Mission, back in May 2012, Orbital's ORB-D mission will see Cygnus deploy its solar arrays and appendages and execute a complex series of orbit-raising and "phasing" maneuvers to bring it into the vicinity of the ISS. Despite Orbital's decision to effect a 24-hour launch postponement, rendezvous of ORB-D with the space station is still scheduled for 22 September, four days into the mission. During rendezvous, Cygnus will demonstrate its ability to "hold" its position at specific distances, before entering the Keep-Out Sphere (KOS), a virtual zone extending about 660 feet around the ISS to prevent collisions. The spacecraft will proceed gradually to a distance of about 33 feet. It will then be grappled by the 57-foot-long Canadarm2 and berthed onto the "nadir" (Earth-facing) port of the Harmony node.
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> At the time of Cygnus's scheduled arrival, the station's Expedition 37 crew will consist of just three members—Commander Fyodor Yurchikhin of Russia, together with Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano and NASA's Karen Nyberg—although three others are due to arrive on 25/26 September aboard Soyuz TMA-10M. Cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergei Ryazansky and NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins will boost the ISS population back up to its normal, six-member strength, and among their early work will be the lengthy process of entering and unloading cargo from Cygnus.
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> As detailed by Frank Culbertson, Orbital's Executive Vice President and General Manager of the Advanced Projects Group, at a 4 September briefing at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas, Cygnus will remain berthed at the ISS for "approximately 30 days." Its departure from the station is anticipated on about 22 October. Culbertson—a former astronaut, who commanded Expedition 3 in August-December 2001 and was the only U.S. citizen off the planet at the time of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, D.C.—explained that all aspects of Orbital's capability will be evaluated on the ORB-D mission. "It is truly a demonstration mission," he said, "where we're demonstrating all phases of what we're required to do in our contract."
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> Culbertson noted that around 1,500 pounds of payload had already been loaded aboard Cygnus by 4 September, with the remaining 350 pounds to follow by the weekend of 7/8 September, demonstrating an operational ability to accomplish the "late loading" of supplies ahead of launch. He also added that Orbital is targeting its first dedicated cargo mission under the CRS contract—dubbed "ORB-1?—to launch about 47 days after the departure the ORB-D demonstration mission. That places Orbital's first CRS mission in the second week of December, although the most recent NASA manifest has SpaceX's CRS-3 Dragon mission also scheduled for 9 December. Last month, however, it was reported that the SpaceX flight would be postponed until mid-January 2014, allowing Cygnus to fly both its ORB-D and ORB-1 missions before the end of the year. Looking forward into 2014, according to NASASpaceflight.com, ORB-2 is currently scheduled for launch in May, followed by ORB-3 in October.
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> In Honor of David: Astronaut who inspired Orbital's first Cygnus mission
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> Ben Evans - AmericaSpace.com
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> Only days remain before the scheduled 18 September launch of the first Cygnus cargo mission to the International Space Station by Orbital Sciences Corp. Liftoff of the second Antares booster, which follows hard on the heels of April's test flight, will occur from Pad 0A at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Va., and is expected to deliver Cygnus on a month-long journey to the multi-national orbiting outpost. Last week, Orbital tweeted that it was naming the first Cygnus craft in honor of former senior executive and three-time shuttle astronaut G. David Low. As part of AmericaSpace's coverage of this important mission for Orbital, this weekend's history articles will focus on the larger-than-life character, legacy, and space missions of Low, who died in 2008.
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> George David Low spent his early childhood literally growing up as the early pages of the space exploration story were being written, for his father was NASA Deputy Administrator George Low, one of the key movers and shakers in America's bid to land a man on the Moon. During the 1960s and early 1970s, the elder Low was intimately involved in the planning of Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo, and he later headed the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office in Houston, Texas, forming part of the team which committed Apollo 8 to the audacious goal of orbiting the Moon. He later served as Deputy Administrator and Acting Administrator of NASA in the 1969-76 timeframe and saw his son, David, admitted into the agency's astronaut corps in May 1984, only to die two months later in July 1984. Sadly, both father and son would ultimately succumb to cancer in their 50s.
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> David Low was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on 19 February 1956. As a child, he was fascinated by the promise of science and announced his intention to someday become an astronaut when he was only 9 years old. He entered Washington & Lee University to study physics and engineering and graduated in 1978, then took a master's degree in physics and engineering at Cornell University in 1980 and a second master's—this time in aeronautics and astronautics—from Stanford in 1983. During this period, Low worked in the Spacecraft Systems Engineering Section of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif., working on the systems engineering design of the Galileo spacecraft the Mars Geoscience/Climatology Orbiter (later renamed "Mars Observer").
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> Selected as a shuttle mission specialist candidate in May 1984, as part of the 10th class of NASA astronauts, Low was one of the youngest ever selected, aged just 28. One of his contemporaries from this class was Frank Culbertson—who is today Orbital's executive vice president and general manager of the Advanced Programs Group, which includes Cygnus—and he once described Low as "more academic than the rest of us," but admitted that the young man was a good operator and a skilled mechanic who worked on cars, but understood the physics behind them and communicated this understanding well. Described by United Press International as "an intense young astronaut" and "a man not given to frivolity," Low would admit that the influence of his father had represented a yardstick by which he measured his own life and how he treated others.
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> A year after entering the hallowed ranks of NASA, Low became an astronaut in June 1985 and worked on the shuttle's Remote Manipulator System (RMS) mechanical arm, its EVA hardware, and the testing and checkout of the orbiters themselves at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Fla. In the aftermath of the Challenger disaster, he served as one of the Capcoms in Mission Control during the STS-26 Return to Flight mission. In November 1988, Low was assigned as a Mission Specialist for his first shuttle flight, STS-32. One of his key roles on the 10-day mission was to deploy the U.S. Navy's Syncom 4-5 communications satellite from Columbia's payload bay, and he would also play an important role in the retrieval of NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) after almost six years in orbit.
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> Launch of STS-32 was originally scheduled for 18 December 1989, which would have carried the mission over the Christmas period for the first time in the shuttle era. This fact evidently played so much on the minds of the crew that they privately organised an impromptu crew portrait to be taken, in which they posed in Santa suits, hats, and dark glasses. Fortunately, their NASA name tags at least made them identifiable. (Unfortunately, problems with getting Pad 39A ready for its first launch in almost four years resulted in a delay until 8 January 1990, so the Santa joke fell flat.)
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> Since the return to flight of STS-26, most missions had lasted around five days, but STS-32 was to break this cycle by approaching the 10-day and seven-hour duration record set by the STS-9 crew in December 1983. (The press kit reported that the flight was to last nine days and 21 hours.) Although the deployment of Syncom and the retrieval of LDEF would consume only the first three days and did not specifically require a lengthy mission, NASA wanted to exercise the opportunity to demonstrate the shuttle's capabilities, because it planned to modify Columbia for flights lasting up to a month.
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> Processing of the orbiter involved modifications to support the longer mission. A fifth set of cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen tanks were installed underneath the orbiter's payload bay floor, and by the end of November 1989 the shuttle had been rolled out to Pad 39A, marking the first use of this launch complex since Mission 61C, two weeks before the loss of Challenger. After a delay until 8 January to finish work on the pad, the weather became the next issue. At length, the STS-32 crew roared into orbit at 7:35 a.m. EST on 9 January.
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> Early the next morning, about 25 hours after launch, Syncom was released as Columbia flew high above Africa. Low radioed to Mission Control that the deployment looked good. A few minutes later, Commander Dan Brandenstein and Pilot Jim Wetherbee performed a separation manoeuvre to create a safe distance before the first engine burn. Syncom's manufacturer, Hughes, was exceptionally pleased with the performance of their product. "It was as good as you can get," said spokesman Tom Bracken. "Everything looks great." A series of maneuvers by the satellite's own propulsion system were required to achieve its "slot" in 22,300-mile geostationary orbit.
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> With the successful deployment behind them, the crew turned their attention to the LDEF retrieval. At the time of their launch, they trailed the satellite by about 1,600 miles and, being lower, were closing at about 40 miles per orbit. Three flawless maneuvers were performed by the pilots on the 9th and 10th to reduce this distance, and on the morning of the 12th the crew was awakened by Mission Control to the music of Bring it Home, set to the melody of Let it Snow. Under the deft control of Mission Specialist Bonnie Dunbar, LDEF was successfully captured and berthed in Columbia's payload bay, whilst Mission Specialist Marsha Ivins photo-documented the condition of the giant satellite.
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> Scientific experiments consumed the remainder of the mission, with Low focusing on a series of protein crystal growth studies on the orbiter's middeck. As landing loomed on 19 January, it became clear that STS-32 would secure a new endurance record for the shuttle program. Ironically, at one stage, it appeared that the flight might end early, for overcast skies and the risk of snow flurries at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., had left the dry lakebed Runway 17 potentially too soft to support Columbia's mammoth 227,000-pound return weight with LDEF aboard. The danger of controllability problems on the runway obliged NASA to switch to concrete Runway 22, but the presence of LDEF shifted the orbiter's center of gravity "forward," meaning that without deft handling of the vehicle, the nose gear might slap down too hard onto the ground.
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> Snow at Edwards on the 19th put paid to the first attempt to land and produced a 24-hour delay. Columbia had sufficient consumables to remain in orbit until the 22nd—producing a record 13-day flight—if necessary. STS-32 could have landed at KSC, but NASA preferred the wide expanse of Edwards' runways and the margins of safety they offered for the heavyweight mission. As circumstances transpired, Columbia soared through the pre-dawn darkness and alighted on Edwards' Runway 22 at 1:35 a.m. PST (4:35 a.m. EST) on 20 January, after a mission of 10 days and 21 hours. David Low had contributed to breaking the shuttle endurance record … on his very first flight.
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> Aged just 33 in January 1990, Low formed part of the STS-32 crew which deployed an important communications satellite for the U.S. Navy, retrieved NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) from orbit, and also set a new shuttle endurance record of almost 11 days in space. Four months later, in May, he was assigned as a Mission Specialist to the STS-43, which would itself expand considerably in duration. Joining Low on the scheduled five-day flight were Commander John Blaha, Pilot Mike Baker, and Mission Specialists Shannon Lucid and Jim Adamson, tasked with the deployment of NASA's fifth Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-E).
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> As the shuttle program gained momentum in the late 1970s, it was envisaged that a pair of these powerful satellites—one stationed over the equator, just off the northeastern corner of Brazil, known as "TDRS-East," and a second over the central Pacific Ocean, near the Phoenix Islands, known as "TDRS-West"—would fill an urgent communications and tracking need. TDRS-A was launched in April 1983, but was almost lost when its Boeing-built Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) failed to insert it into its proper orbit. Only by using the satellite's own hydrazine thrusters were controllers able to gradually maneuver it into its final "East" location, although its operational lifetime was shortened. Ongoing problems with the IUS meant that it was almost three years before the "West" satellite, TDRS-B, could be launched … and that was the primary payload aboard the ill-fated final flight of Challenger. Two more TDRS satellites (C and D) were launched in September 1988 and March 1989. Unfortunately, TDRS-C also succumbed to anomalies which affected its Ku-band relay capability. The TDRS-E satellite would therefore be positioned at 175 degrees West, to serve as the primary communications provider over the Pacific from October 1991.
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> Hydrogen leaks endured by the shuttle fleet in the summer of 1990 had already pushed STS-43's launch date back from May 1991 until the mid-summer. Then, technical problems with Discovery in early 1991 caused STS-43 to be shifted onto her sister ship, Atlantis. In the meantime, Discovery had already been manifested to deploy the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in late 1991 and, in March, NASA announced that the switch "preserved the agency's capability" to fly UARS during a critical "science window" in September-November. Postponed for several days from late July, STS-43 and Atlantis finally launched at 11:02 a.m. EDT on 2 August 1991.
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> A little over six hours into the mission, the five astronaut successfully deployed TDRS-E, which was numerically renamed "TDRS-5? upon injection into geostationary orbit. With their primary objective accomplished, the crew turned to a battery of medical, scientific, and technological experiments. Originally, STS-43 was baselined as a five-day flight, but in late 1990 was almost doubled to nine days in order to focus on an intensive program of biomedical and other research. This program was highlighted by the unusual shape of the STS-43 mission patch: it resembled a flat-bottomed, conical-bodied Erlenmeyer laboratory flask, whilst also paying homage to the shape of Alan Shepard's Mercury capsule, which had launched 40 years earlier.
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> David Low was a central player in the operation of experiments into protein crystal growth, polymer membrane processing, combustion science research, and liquid-to-liquid diffusion in microgravity. The Earth's aurorae were observed and measurements of space acceleration on delicate experiments were taken. Feasibility studies were also carried out to evaluate fiber-optic technology for video and audio communications between the shuttle's payload bay and cabin.
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> Low had already helped to break new ground for the shuttle on his first flight in January 1990, by exceeding the program's endurance record, and with STS-43 his crew became the first post-Challenger crew to be scheduled to land at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Fla., as their primary site. Although STS-38 and STS-39 had landed in Florida, they did so only because weather conditions at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., had proven unsatisfactory. NASA's improved sense of confidence had led to a move to place Edwards into "reserve" status for the first time in the post-Challenger era and was seen as a key step in moving from a sense of over-conservatism to fully-flexible shuttle operations.
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> In the early summer of 1991, the decision by NASA's then-Associate Administrator for Space Flight Bill Lenoir to resume landings at KSC aroused great criticism, with many engineers and managers arguing that shuttles should continue to land at Edwards until "tougher tyres" had been fitted and tested. Damage endured by STS-39's tires after touching down in a crosswind on 6 May 1991 raised further concern. Even Shuttle Program Manager Bob Crippen insisted that KSC landings would only be approved if strict rules were met, and in the weeks before the launch of STS-43 he announced publicly that it was "likely" that Atlantis would be directed instead to Edwards.
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> Ultimately, conditions in Florida were perfect, and on 11 August 1991 Blaha and Baker guided their ship smoothly onto Runway 15, touching down at 8:23 a.m. EDT. The next mission, STS-48 with UARS in September, would go a step further by attempting to land at KSC in darkness, but Crippen remained cautious. "We're still going to land at Edwards," he told journalists. "The weather is going to end up dictating that. I'm budgeting for about 60 percent of the flights landing at Edwards and 40 percent at KSC." By the end of the shuttle era, in July 2011, Crippen' 60-40 prediction had proven accurate … but fell in favor of KSC, rather than Edwards: out of the 133 missions which successfully landed, a total of 78 touched down in Florida, 54 at Edwards, and a single flight at White Sands, N.M.
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> For David Low, landing from STS-43 would bring about a rapid reassignment to his third shuttle flight. In February 1992, he was named as Payload Commander for STS-57, which would bring his astronaut career full-circle by demonstrating virtually all of the shuttle's myriad capabilities: scientific research in the first commercial Spacehab laboratory module, rendezvous and retrieval of the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) free-flyer, and a dramatic spacewalk. Less conspicuously—but also important—STS-57 marked the first occasion on which a civilian woman spacefarer (Janice Voss) flew into orbit alongside a military woman spacefarer (Nancy Sherlock).
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> Launched at 9:07 a.m. EDT on 21 June 1993, STS-57 immediately commenced its chase of EURECA, which had been in orbit for 10 months. In command of the mission was astronaut Ron Grabe, who today also works for Orbital Sciences Corp. as Executive Vice President and General Manager of the Launch Systems Group. With Grabe at Endeavour's controls, early on 24 June, David Low extended the RMS mechanical arm and grappled the satellite for berthing in the payload bay. Although EURECA's solar arrays successfully folded up, its two antennas, which should have automatically retracted and latched, failed to close. A spacewalk by Low and fellow Mission Specialist Jeff Wisoff was already planned on 25 June, and it was decided to utilize part of that EVA to tend to the problem.
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> At the time of Low's assignment to STS-57, a spacewalk was not planned, but in the aftermath of the Intelsat-603 repair mission NASA decided in November 1992 to add EVAs to as many shuttle flights as possible, in order to build an experience base in the Astronaut Corps. In mid-February 1993, an EVA was formally added to STS-57, in which Low and Wisoff would spend four hours outside "to refine training methods for spacewalks, expand the EVA experience levels of astronauts, flight controllers, and instructors, and aid in better understanding the differences between true microgravity and the ground simulations used in training."
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> After an otherwise smooth mission, the EVA added yet more drama to STS-57. It ran to five hours and 50 minutes, with Mission Specialist Sherlock positioning Low on the RMS to latch EURECA's stubborn antennas in place. Uniquely for a shuttle flight, the crew had first to seal off the Spacehab module, through whose tunnel hatch Low and Wisoff egressed and ingressed the shuttle. Subsequent investigation revealed no pressure loss from Spacehab during the EVA, although it may have induced an event which scared the daylights out of the other four crew members in the cabin.
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> "All of a sudden, it was if somebody took the orbiter and hit it with a bulldozer," recalled Pilot Brian Duffy in his NASA oral history interview. "The whole vehicle shook. It got quiet on the flight deck and we thought maybe we were hit by something. We looked outside and didn't see any damage." Mission Control also saw nothing amiss. The most likely explanation was that residual forces had built up on the ground in the struts holding the Spacehab tunnel in place and had "released" to create a "ring" through the vehicle. When Low and Wisoff returned inside the cabin, they reported that they had felt nothing. "They didn't have clue," said Duffy, "but if they'd looked inside at that time, they would have seen eight big eyes!"
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> Landing at KSC on 1 July 1993, after ten days in orbit, David Low's career as a spaceflying astronaut came to its conclusion. However, his subsequent contributions to the Astronaut Office were profound. Later that year, he served as a member of the Russian Integration Team, which worked in Crystal City, Va., to define the transition from Space Station Freedom to a new concept, known as the International Space Station (ISS), which would draw in post-Soviet Russia as a full partner. In 1994, Low was head of the EVA Integration and Operations Office and later worked in NASA's Legislative Affairs Office, liaising directly with Congress on the agency's aerospace programs. In February 1996, Low departed NASA for a career with Orbital Sciences in Dulles, Va.
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> He served for a decade as Vice President of Safety and Mission Assurance for Orbital's Launch Systems Group and in 2006 became Senior Vice President and Program Manager for the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program—the program which will culminate next week with the first launch of a Cygnus cargo ship to the space station. He was described as "a primary architect" for Orbital's COTS endeavor and, as a human being, was labeled "an extraordinarily inspiring and thoughtful leader, extremely talented engineer, and a courageous space explorer."
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> Under Low's inspirational leadership, Orbital was guided through the process of becoming a partner with NASA, tasked to commercially resupply the ISS. In December 2008, the space agency awarded a $1.9 billion Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract to Orbital to stage eight missions and deliver upwards of 44,000 pounds of equipment, payloads, and supplies to the station's crew.
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> Sadly, although Low lived long enough to see NASA declare Orbital one of the COTS winners on 19 February 2008, he did not survive to see his labors reach fruition. He died of colon cancer at the Reston Hospital Center on 15 March 2008, aged just 52. In the years after his death, Orbital moved through a tortuous process of getting its new Antares launch vehicle ready for its maiden voyage and readying the Cygnus cargo ship for its first flight. In April 2013, more than a year later than planned, Antares triumphantly rocketed away from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Va., clearing the way for the COTS demo mission by Cygnus on 18 September. Assuming next week's Cygnus test flight is a success, the COTS flight will leave Orbital in pole position for its first dedicated cargo flight.
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> On Wednesday, it can be hoped that watching from above, with pride, will be George David Low. On 4 September 2013, Orbital touchingly tweeted that the first Cygnus mission would be named "The David Low," in honor of "our late colleague, friend, and NASA astronaut." As if to sum up his career, we are reminded of a handful of words uttered by Low in the days preceding his first shuttle mission, STS-32, back in January 1990: "I guess I'll be very, very happy," he said, "if we can get the wheels stopped and I haven't screwed anything up." In a 12-year career with NASA and three flights aboard the most complex human spacecraft ever built, Low never screwed up. In a subsequent 12-year career with Orbital, Low never screwed up. And five years after his untimely death, his legacy lives on.
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> Lynx space plane taking off: Q&A with XCOR Aerospace CEO Jeff Greason
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> Govert Schilling - Space.com
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> In an old World War II-era hangar here in this blistering-hot town, a passionate group of young aerospace engineers is building a private spaceship called Lynx. Developed by XCOR Aerospace, Lynx is the main competitor of Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo, built by Scaled Composites, also in Mojave.
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> Commercial flights of the Lynx space plane are expected to commence in 2015, mainly through the Dutch company Space Expedition Corporation.
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> SPACE.com talked to XCOR's CEO Jeff Greason about the company, Lynx and the rise of private spaceflight. (This interview has been edited for length and clarity.)
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> SPACE.com: Can you tell me about the origin of XCOR?
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> Jeff Greason: Ever since I saw Apollo 17 as a very young child, I have been interested in cheap transportation to space. It just never happened, despite the original promise of the space shuttle.
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> In 1999, stimulated by an earlier conference on space access, I decided to leave my IT job at Intel and start XCOR. Together with XCOR's co-founders, we interviewed the old hands and relearned how to design rocket engines. We decided to focus on reusable and reignitable engines — something that hadn't been done since the 1940s. In 2000, our engine demonstration at another space access conference sparked the interest of our first investors.
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> SPACE.com: What is the role of the Lynx in the development of commercial spaceflight?
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> JG: Eventually, we want to reach a fully reusable orbital system. But since there is no multi-giga-dollar funder around, it has been clear from the start that we would need one or more intermediate vehicles, to make our own money.
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> That's where the suborbital Lynx comes in. We're offering flights for space tourists as well as for science payloads. History has shown that tying a new form of transportation to just one market is generally a bad idea. But of course no one is very good at predicting which approach will turn out to be the most successful.
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> SPACE.com: What about the competition? What sets XCOR apart?
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> JG: I prefer not to comment on other plans and practices. No one is carrying out commercial flights to space yet, so it's hard to say who the market leader is. But we are unusual in that we have put equal emphasis on both types of flights — people and payloads — from the very start.
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> The other thing is: By design and by character, we are more low-key. Since 1999, we have seen a variety of companies enter and leave the field, but we're still here and we expect to be in this business for a long time. It's partly because we try to keep our promises close to where we are. We are very aware of the fact that not every pretty long-term promise comes true. XCOR is the only company in this arena that is run by engineers.
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> SPACE.com: What is the role of Space Expedition Corporation?
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> JG: XCOR plans to wet-lease the Lynx space plane to various operators [that is, hire out the vehicle with a crew]. Space Expedition Corporation (SCX) is the first in line. In fact, they are the general sales agent for space tourism space tourism flights. So far, over 250 tickets have already been sold.
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> Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic has certainly helped to make the idea of space tourism an accepted part of popular culture — it's surprisingly well-known, given the current state of the industry. But we've always planned not to do everything in-house. Like Boeing or Airbus, we just develop, build and test-fly the vehicles. We believe the market is better served when sales people do sales things, while rocket scientists do rocket science.
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> SPACE.com: What is the current status of the Lynx project?
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> JG: Man, I'd like to know when it's done. We haven't had major setbacks, but things are taking longer than I like. We're in the tail end of building our first prototype. The propulsion system continues to improve. Major structures are being built by subcontractors. The fuselage is done, but the cockpit and the strakes turn out to be complicated.
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> We're now working toward a rollout in late 2013 or, more likely, early next year. As for the test phase, there's no way it will take less than six months. I certainly hope it won't take more than a year, but I can't promise anything. Obviously, it depends on the problems we encounter over many dozens of test flights. Let's put it this way: The test phase will last as long as it lasts. Remember, we're engineers, not marketing people.
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> SPACE.com: Your first flights won't reach 100 km (62 miles) altitude, and the Lynx has only room for one passenger. Is that a drawback for potential customers?
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> JG: Our Mark 1 prototype will fly to an altitude of some 65 kilometers [40 miles]. We had to put more weight in to solve certain problems. The first version of a new vehicle is always heavier — it's inevitable. But we say that from the start. By the way, you'll hardly notice the difference.
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> [The Lynx Mark 2, which lags behind the Mark 1 by about a year, will fly to 100 kilometers. According to SXC founder Harry van Hulten, most tickets have been sold for flights on the Mark 2.]
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> As for the solo flights, we believe it's an advantage. You're in the cockpit with the pilot, not in a cabin with five strangers. It's your flight, and the windows are bigger. Also, you don't have to deal with the possibility of other passengers getting sick, and if you have to vomit yourself, you don't need to feel embarrassed.
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> SPACE.com: What are your biggest worries?
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> JG: Of course I worry about everything, but there are no technological barriers anymore, just more work to do. My main concerns are: How long will it take, and what kind of problems will we encounter during the test flights? The only things left are the unknown unknowns.
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> In fact, I ran out of ideas and inventions concerning the Lynx some six months ago. Right now, I have new problems to solve — we're very much working toward the goal of developing an orbital system.
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> A critical time for commercial launch providers
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> Jeff Foust – The Space Review
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> For a time last week, it looked like we would be in the midst of an unusually concentrated period of critical launches. In the span of less than a week, four launches of new, nearly new, or returning to flight vehicles were on global launch manifests: the inaugural launch of Japan's Epsilon small launch vehicle, the first launch of SpaceX's upgraded Falcon 9 v1.1, the second launch of Orbital Sciences Corporations Antares rocket carrying the first Cygnus cargo spacecraft, and the first Proton launch since a dramatic launch failure in early July.
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> Launch manifests are subject to change, of course, and that's what happened. While the Epsilon launch went off on schedule, and successfully, on Saturday, Orbital slipped its Antares launch a day, from this Tuesday to Wednesday, while the Falcon and Proton launches have been delayed until at least late this month. Nonetheless, all three upcoming launches remain critical in separate, but often interrelated, ways.
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> Cygnus prepares for flight
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> First up is Orbital's launch of its first Cygnus cargo spacecraft, on the second launch its medium-class Antares rocket. That rocket made its debut in April, launching a Cygnus mass simulator and several small satellites (see "Antares rising", The Space Review, April 22, 2013). The focus on that launch was the launch vehicle, which performed to expectations. "It was a pretty remarkable inaugural launch. It was an extremely clean mission," said Orbital vice president Mark Pieczynski during a panel session on launch vehicles during the AIAA Space 2013 conference last week in San Diego.
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> This time around, the attention will be less on the launch vehicle than on its payload, the Cygnus spacecraft. Orbital developed Cygnus, along with Antares, as part of its Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) agreement with NASA. A successful flight will close our Orbital's COTS agreement—as well as the overall COTS program, as SpaceX completed its COTS agreement last year—and allow Orbital to begin commercial cargo deliveries to the station as soon as this December.
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> It is an ambitious mission. After launch, Cygnus will deploy its solar panels and undergo initial checkouts. Over the next several days, it will gradually maneuver close to the International Space Station (ISS), coming to within four kilometers of the station before NASA gives the go-ahead to move in proximity to the ISS. Cygnus will eventually move to about 12 meters from the station, where, like SpaceX's Dragon and Japan's HTV, it will be grappled by the station's robotic arm and berthed to the station. Cygnus will remain attached to the station for a month before the robotic arm detaches and releases the spacecraft, which will then perform a destructive reentry over the South Pacific Ocean. All of that is designed to be demonstrated on a single test flight; by comparison, SpaceX flew two test flights of its Dragon spacecraft under its COTS agreement, with the second incorporating the milestones of a planned third test flight.
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> Orbital, aware of the complexity of the mission, is setting expectations accordingly. "Demonstration missions in space constitute a 'final exam,' in which all the design and Earth-based testing come together. Potential issues may be encountered during the flight and the conduct of the maneuvers," the company states in materials about the mission. "If such issues are seen, Orbital and NASA will work together to evaluate the situation and develop a forward plan to complete the mission, if possible, and if not, to maximize the return of engineering test data that will ensure the success of Orbital's first commercial resupply service mission."
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> Still, there's confidence among company officials that Cygnus and Antares are ready to go. "We're ready. We're excited," said Orbital executive vice president Frank Culbertson during another AIAA Space 2013 panel session last week. "It's a very exciting time for Orbital."
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> A successful mission will not only allow Orbital to "graduate" from the COTS program and proceed with commercial resupply missions, but help build up a track record for the Antares rocket and win additional business for it. While Orbital's plans for Antares predate the COTS program—it envisioned the rocket, then known as the Taurus II, to be a replacement for the Delta II—to date the only missions on its manifest are the COTS and Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) missions contracted with NASA. The rocket is available for other missions under NASA and Air Force contract vehicles, Pieczynski said, as well as for commercial customers, but so far no additional missions have been announced for it.
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> "Our objective, our strategy at Orbital Sciences is to be the premier provider of small and medium launch in the US," Pieczynski said. That strategy, though, may put a particular emphasis on Antares going forward. While Orbital does some missions for the US government using its Minotaur family of rockets—a Minotaur V launched NASA's LADEE lunar mission earlier this month—it currently has no missions manifested for its Pegasus XL and Taurus XL vehicles. Pieczynski said at AIAA Space 2013 that the company has submitted a proposal to an unspecified customer for a Pegasus XL launch and is "coming close to an opportunity in the commercial market" with the Taurus XL, which failed in its last two launches of NASA payloads.
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> "We're just going to rip that Band-Aid off"
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> While Orbital prepares for its second Antares launch from Virginia's Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, SpaceX is working across the country on the next launch of its Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. While the Falcon 9 has launched five times already, dating back to June 2010 (see "The Falcon 9 flies", The Space Review, June 7, 2010), this launch will be the first for an upgraded version, designated the Falcon 9 v1.1, carrying the CASSIOPE technology demonstration satellite for Canada.
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> The Falcon 9 v1.1 features a number of upgrades, most notably a stretched first stage and new Merlin 1D engines, enhancing its performance. SpaceX is also planning to relight a main engine after stage separation to try and slow down the stage before splashdown enough to permit recovery, another test as part of SpaceX's ongoing efforts to develop a reusable version of the rocket.
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> If those milestones weren't enough, the launch will be the first to use a new payload fairing on the rocket; the previous Falcon 9 launches all carried Dragon spacecraft that didn't require a fairing. The launch will also be the first from SpaceX's new facility at Vandenberg. "We're trying a lot of things for the first time," said SpaceX commercial crew program manager Garrett Reisman at Space 2013 last week. "We're just going to rip that band-aid off and give it a shot."
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> At the time of last week's conference, that band-aid ripping, so to speak, was planned for the weekend. In a conference session Tuesday, SpaceX vice president Adam Harris said a static fire test of the Falcon 9—a final milestone before launch—was slated for Wednesday, with launch to follow "in about a week." However, on Wednesday Reisman said the static fire test has been scrubbed that day, a move that would likely delay the launch into the next week.
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> The static fire test took place on Thursday, but in a tweet late Thursday night, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk said "some anomalies" had been detected in the test, so a launch date was still to be determined. In another tweet early Sunday, Musk said another static test was needed. That test, plus the fact that the launch range at Vandenberg was reserved by the Air Force for missile tests, means that the launch has been pushed back to September 29 or 30, he said. Neither Musk nor SpaceX have disclosed the issues with the earlier static fire test that caused the postponement.
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> The upgraded Falcon 9 is important for SpaceX not just for its future CRS missions—the improved performance will allow it to carry more cargo to the station—but also to win additional launch business. The next Falcon 9 launch after CASSIOPE will be its first to carry a commercial communications satellite to geosynchronous orbit, a market that still constitutes the bulk of the commercial launch demand. It's also a market that, until SpaceX's entry, has been largely limited to European and Russian launchers in recent years.
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> "At SpaceX, our goal is to win those launches and do them from US soil," Harris said at the conference. SpaceX does have a backlog of commercial launches, both to geosynchronous and other orbits, but at the moment it appears commercial customers are awaiting the outcome of the upcoming Falcon 9 launches. At a satellite industry meeting in Paris last week, Arianespace announced orders for five commercial launches, and even Lockheed Martin announced a rare commercial order for the Atlas V. SpaceX announced no launch orders.
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> Proton's return
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> Another company that left Paris last week without any announcements of new launch orders is International Launch Services (ILS), the US-based, Russian-owned company that markets the Proton launch vehicle to commercial customers. Unlike SpaceX, which is attempting to demonstrate an essentially new launch vehicle, ILS is faced with the challenge of proving to commercial customers it has resolved the quality issues that have dogged the Proton in the last few years.
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> The latest, and most visible, Proton failure took place in early July, when a Proton rocket lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, only to veer off course seconds later. The rocket flew sideways for a moment, then turned toward the earth, crashing a half minute after liftoff. The rocket's payload, three GLONASS navigation satellites for the Russian government, were destroyed.
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> An investigation into the launch failure determined that the root cause was the improper installation of three yaw angular rate sensors, which, according to some reports, were placed in the rocket upside down. ILS concurred with the results of the Russian investigation, and announced a return to flight carrying a commercial Satellite, Astra 2E for SES, on the night of September 16.
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> Late last week, though, ILS postponed the launch, stating that engineers reported an "out of tolerance" reading with the rocket's first stage. A new launch date hasn't been set, but Russian media reports indicate that the launch would be postponed to late this month or early next month. (Some Russian reports also suggested that, even without the technical issue, the launch could have been postponed at the behest of Kazakh officials, who want the cleanup from the July failure completed before another Proton launch takes place.)
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> In the meantime, Khrunichev, the Russian company that manufactures the Proton and owns ILS, is taking steps to improve its quality control processes. Speaking at AIAA Space 2013, ILS's Ben Muniz said those steps include analyses of quality processes and additional audits within Khrunichev, a review of additional training and recertification requirements, and the formation of a "telemetry analysis group" to analyze trends in telemetry from recent Proton launches. In addition, ILS has created a new position of vice president of mission assurance and product development, naming Kirk Pysher, formerly with Sea Launch, to that position. He will be "a single point of focus" for quality issues, Muniz said.
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> "The Russians do understand quality," Muniz said, noting that Khrunichev is certified to the "Russian equivalent" of AS9100, a quality management standard widely used by Western aerospace companies, but that they do things differently than American or European companies. He added that there are limits in how much ILS, a US company, can assist Khrunichev on launch vehicle quality issues because of ITAR.
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> So, while all the action might not be concentrated to a single week, this week and the next few will provide several opportunities for companies to prove, or prove again, their launch capabilities, with implications for the commercial market and NASA.
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> NASA's Asteroid-in-a-Bag Recipe
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> Michael Lemonick - The New Yorker Magazine
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> (Lemonick is a senior staff writer at Climate Central and lecturer at Princeton University; his most recent book is "Mirror Earth.")
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> "It's not as crazy as it seemed at the beginning," Charles Elachi, the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, told the Washington Post, about NASA's latest plan for a splashy, manned flight to outer space. NASA, you see, would like to to put an asteroid in a bag.
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> The goal of the endeavor, whose title is the Asteroid Redirect Mission, is for NASA to find a chunk of space rock of perhaps twenty or thirty feet across, then send a robotic spacecraft to capture the asteroid in what is described, vaguely, as a "high-strength bag." (The size of the asteroid, Paul Chodas, of the agency's Near Earth Object Program, said, "is dictated by the size of the bag.") The craft would tow its catch toward Earth and set it into orbit around the moon, where it would move slowly enough for astronauts to mount it. Finally, astronauts would rendezvous with the asteroid, chipping off pieces for further study.
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> The idea for the mission resulted from a series of brainstorming sessions held by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Pasadena, California, and the Keck Institute for Space Studies, at Caltech, located just a few miles away. Scientists and engineers at both institutions worked through the more outlandish aspects of the plan to come up with a report showing how it might plausibly be done.
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> NASA is interested for several reasons. First, the project would give a boost to the ongoing search for asteroids that wander relatively close to Earth, which Tad Friend has written about for the magazine. If a sizable one were to strike the planet, it would do catastrophic damage: it is generally believed that in 1908, a rock less than two hundred feet across exploded over a desolate area of Siberia with the force of a hundred and eighty of the bombs used at Hiroshima; an asteroid that size hits Earth about once every three hundred years, according to astronomers. NASA has tracked ten thousand near-Earth objects of various sizes, and looking for asteroids small enough to be captured for the redirect mission would undoubtedly lead to the discovery of bigger, potentially more-threatening objects.
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> If we did find an asteroid headed for Earth, we'd want to nudge it into a slightly different orbit, turning a direct hit into a near miss. While a large, potentially dangerous asteroid wouldn't fit into any bag that engineers could conceivably build, the experimental rocket motors NASA wants to use—Hall Effect electric propulsion motors, which are so efficient that they can operate for months without turning off—would be useful in an asteroid-redirection mission of more gargantuan proportions. The capture mission would thus be a small-scale test for a potentially world-saving mission, like the ones depicted in movies like "Armageddon" and "Deep Impact."
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> The capture mission would also give U.S. astronauts somewhere to go, which may actually be NASA's biggest motivation. Back in the nineteen-sixties, we had a clear destination: in May of 1961, John F. Kennedy declared that we would send a man to the moon and return him safely to Earth by the end of the decade. In July of 1969, we did it.
>
>
>
> But like the proverbial dog chasing a car with no thought about what he'll do with if he catches it, the U.S. had no clear follow-up plan—and, because the real reason for the moon landings was to demonstrate our technological superiority to that of the rest of the world, there wasn't any great urgency to find one—we built a small space station, called Skylab, then abandoned it. We then built space shuttles to carry astronauts into low-earth orbit, although there's little there to explore. The shuttles were their own destination, essentially a set of temporary space stations where astronauts did experiments and then came home, except for the fourteen who died in the Challenger and Columbia disasters.
>
>
>
> Ultimately, aside from several remarkable missions on which astronauts repaired and upgraded the Hubble Space Telescope, the shuttles were mostly employed for building the International Space Station. Since the last shuttle was retired, in 2011, the U.S. hasn't even had a way to get people into space—we rent seats on Russian launches. "What you are seeing," said John Logsdon, the founder of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University, in a conference call on August 30th, "is really the residual of forty years of failure to reach consensus on what the U.S. should be doing in space and, in particular, human space flight."
>
>
>
> It's not for lack of trying. The first President Bush proposed a series of missions, first to the moon and then on to Mars, in 1989, but Congress ultimately decided that the plan was too expensive. In 2004, the second President Bush proposed a return to the moon, but President Obama cancelled it, again owing to the expense. NASA continues to work on the Orion capsule, a successor to the Apollo modules of the late sixties and early seventies, as well as on the Space Launch System rocket, which would take Orion into space.
>
>
>
> But Orion still has nowhere to go. As crazy it may sound, bagging an asteroid and dragging it to Earth might still be one of the most realistic missions U.S. astronauts have to look forward to.
>
>
>
> End of WWII Model Shakes Up Aerospace Industry
>
>
>
> Jim Cantrell - Space News (Opinion)
>
>
>
> (Cantrell is president and chief executive of Strategic Space Development, an aerospace and technology consulting firm based in Tucson, Ariz.)
>
>
>
> Efforts undertaken to arm the United States to fight as part of World War II are almost beyond criticism in American politics. It may be surprising to many of us then that the policies and efforts employed over 70 years ago still affect our industry today and are in many ways at the heart of the current malaise that is plaguing our domestic aerospace industry.
>
>
>
> Following World War I, the military was anxious to demobilize its forces rapidly as it had done after every war in the past. By 1920, many Americans clearly sought a return to quieter times and more traditional values. Politicians were also weary and carried their constituents' sentiments to the House floor. The result was two decades of meager investment in military readiness and technology. During this period, the U.S. military relied upon advances in the commercial industry at large and adopted advances in aviation and electronics to meet its mission requirements as little military-funded technology development was to be had.
>
>
>
> On the eve of U.S. involvement in World War II, with war already raging in Europe, the U.S. military began rearming and supplying its allies in Europe to win against a technologically superior German army and air force. The priority for military funding in the early 1940s was building enough armaments to meet the challenge from Nazi Germany. As the war progressed, new military thinking emerged to develop technology as a response to German war technologies and their effectiveness on the battlefield. While sheer numbers of tanks, soldiers, planes and logistics eventually won the war in Europe, the development of the atomic bomb, radar, the jet engine, ballistic missiles and supersonic aircraft are legacies of World War II technology developments that would shape the next 65 years of government spending.
>
>
>
> It's hard to imagine today the sheer magnitude of the industrial efforts to manufacture armaments to meet our needs in the World War II theater. Automobile factories ceased manufacturing passenger cars in order to free up capacity to manufacture tanks, aircraft and weaponry on behalf of the federal government. Every industrial capacity that could be used by the U.S. government for war materiel production was employed. The government, for all intents and purposes, commandeered U.S. industry to win the war in Europe and Asia. Given the Great Depression that preceded this era, nobody complained about having jobs and income to feed their families while the nation was at war. U.S. government debt rose, as a fraction of gross domestic product, to historic levels to fund this expanded production to levels comparable to what we see today.
>
>
>
> After the war ended, the industrial capacity was converted back to civilian production. However, the scientific treasure recovered from Nazi Germany coupled with the evolving geopolitical threat from the Soviet Union fueled military-funded technology development. This had the effect of leaving a portion of the industrial conversion permanently in place. Companies such as Hughes and General Electric maintained a large postwar research-and-development (R&D) base to develop new weapons systems to remain one step ahead of the Soviets. In this sense, the industrial policy of the World War II U.S. military never really ended but evolved to fit the Cold War. NASA sprang into existence to contest the Soviets' dominance in the exploration of space.
>
>
>
> This unprecedented level of funding continued unabated through three more decades. Its final crescendo was the Reagan military buildup of the 1980s, when missile defense was developed and the nation rearmed in a manner reminiscent of World War II.
>
>
>
> In 1991, the Soviet Union finally collapsed and this really ended the raison d'etre for the World War II industrial model that was again employed during the Reagan era. Saddam Hussein and his Iraqi army became the eventual and unfortunate recipient of a generation of weapons designed to destroy the Soviet army, adding an exclamation point to this period of history.
>
>
>
> For the two decades following the demise of the Soviet Union, government funding struggled to find justification without the clear and present danger of an enemy such as the Soviets. The nation found that enemy on Sept. 11, 2001, and a new round of spending ensued. However, the United States had already piled up an enormous debt by this point in history and the two simultaneous Middle East wars ran up trillions of dollars in additional debt that the nation could ill afford. The prosecution of the Iraq and Afghan wars continued and new technology funding flowed unabated until 2008, when a burgeoning private debt crisis that eerily mirrored the government debt crisis exploded and plunged the nation into an economic crisis not seen since the Great Depression. Many of us in the industry sensed that something fundamental was about to change when this crisis broke, but few of us appreciated the profound change that it was bringing.
>
>
>
> The economic crisis that has plagued the nation for five years now has finally broken the U.S. World War II industrial model of government-commercial collaboration. The U.S. government is experiencing unprecedented budget deficits and can ill afford to continue spending vast amounts of money it does not have on new technology development. The dreaded term "sequestration" and the budget austerity that it implies are a force here to stay for at least a decade.
>
>
>
> Natural sociological and economic forces are forcing NASA and the defense technology complex to return to the model they had prior to World War II in which government-funded R&D was indeed sparse. As before World War II, the U.S. government will be forced to rely upon inventors and technology developed in the private sector and adopted to the military and government needs.
>
>
>
> Without casting judgment on the policies of the past, World War II and the extended Cold War that followed turned the natural economic order and U.S. industrial model upside-down where entire industries were converted into arms of the U.S. military and the U.S. government itself. While this was necessary to win the war, the reverse transformation, or demobilization, was never really achieved. During the Cold War, our post-World War II global economic dominance was due in part to the fact that we had destroyed most of the world's industrial capacity and we could dominate industrial economic spheres for the next 50 years. The Cold War was underwritten by this economic dominance and allowed the World War II industrial model to remain intact. The economic collapse of 2008 was inevitable when overspending in the United States and the world's reindustrialization caught up. The permanent loss in tax revenue from the market housing bubble collapse is putting pressure on spending, and the debt servicing is multiplying this pressure. The U.S. government has no way out other than cutting spending.
>
>
>
> So, what should we expect in the next 10 years? I, for one, am optimistic and believe in the spirit and power of capitalism and its ability to efficiently deploy capital, innovate and produce value. Our aerospace industry will change and adapt to this new reality and the U.S. government will find new ways to harness the more efficient capital deployment of the private sector.
>
>
>
> Witness a superb example: Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX). SpaceX has spent less than $1 billion in capital since its founding in 2001 and has launched five successful Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle-class vehicles (Falcon 9), five Falcon 1 vehicles and four Dragon crew capsules, and built three launch pads. A part of this capital came from the U.S. government (about $600 million), but it was implemented by the private sector and its deployment was without a doubt a pure venture capital approach.
>
>
>
> Without entering into all of the arguments about crew safety and standards, it's hard to argue that this is not a more efficient deployment of capital than that of the Constellation program. Constellation spent several multiples of this number, well over $12 billion, on its launch vehicle and crew vehicle system and only succeeded in launching one suborbital rocket.
>
>
>
> The SpaceX experience is in many ways a model for how I see the next decade unfolding. "New space," as some call it, represents the hopes, ingenuity and capital of investors to do what formerly was considered the sole domain of the government. Companies such as Moon Express, Skybox Imaging and Iridium Communications are all shining examples of what can be done. For me the future is bright and will be led by those willing to take the risks and put skin in the game like the "new space" companies are. In the meantime, the government R&D community is taking it on the chin and the World War II industrial relationship is going into the garbage bin of history.
>
>
>
> Beam me down, Scotty
>
>
>
> Tom Toles - Washington Post (Opinion)
>
>
>
> I like writing about space because everybody disagrees with me. I sound like a luddite and a miserly, passionless utilitarian one at that, and I'd happily agree to being all those things if they were true, but actually I am frequently enchanted by technology and am a veritable Peter Pan of adventure romance at heart. It just so happens I've looked at the space project without blinders, and people don't want, and I mean REALLY REALY don't want to face a very disillusioning reality.
>
>
>
> Joel Achenbach wrote a fascinating story about the Space Station in Sunday's Washington Post. It was a reasonably sympathetic history, and the web version had some great photos that the paper version lacked.
>
>
>
> He outlined some of the problems the station has faced, as well as the whole space program in general, but he was too kind about it all nonetheless. I'm volunteering here to highlight the fatal problems for you, but again, I concede in advance that I will fail to persuade you. The core of my argument is NOT cost, though the coat is considerable, and worth thinking about. $100,000,000,000 for the station so far, and ticking at $3,000,000,000 more every year. Eventually real money, as they say. Could you use a little of that money in YOUR community? Or to research that disease that will eventually get you? A fusion reactor, anyone? But it's not the cost I object to, per se, it's the flawed thinking that underlies the program that is the problem. That flawed thinking is two-fold.
>
>
>
> First. "Space is a harsh, inhospitable frontier," an astronaut is quoted as saying. That is an understatement. Space is an unfathomably, uniformly lethal environment for people. But even the word environment is too kind. It's just frozen irradiated hell out there. You can create a bubble to survive in for a while if you want to badly enough, but it's a losing proposition, long term.
>
>
>
> Second. The Mission. It's undefined, and there is a reason for that. We've never been able to decide what exactly the space station represents, a lab or one of a series of "stepping stones" to Mars and beyond. The reason it's undefined is there IS NO MISSION THAT MAKES SENSE. If there were we'd be on it by now. If Jupiter was a Garden of Eden, then it would make sense. But after Mars, which is nearly as barren a destination as the Moon, the only thing you'll find for habitation purposes is more death zone and after Pluto all you've got is Too Freaking Far.
>
>
>
> We've spent our entire life as a nation celebrating The Frontier. We can't come to terms with the fact that while space is, well, more space, it is of an absolutely, irretrievably different kind.
>
>
>
> The space station's phone has a Houston area code
>
>
>
> Craig Hlavaty - Houston Chronicle's The Texican
>
>
>
> The Washington Post has a great new piece on the function of the International Space Station and what it will mean to the next few decades of manned spaceflight.
>
>
>
> Still, few people think about what's going on up there. Even the most famous astronaut in recent pop culture history, Chris Hadfield, says that the life of an ISS dweller is an anonymous one. He had to make cool viral videos for people to be reminded of it, and he did a good damned job of that.
>
>
>
> The WashPo feature has lots of great color on the ISS. Satellite TV is spotty, though you can probably see one of the satellites beaming out Breaking Bad to homes across the world just a few miles in distance. You can't smoke and you can't knock back a cold (or stiff one) after one of your 12-hour shifts. Standard astronaut stuff.
>
>
>
> But there was also the tidbit that the ISS has a phone number with a 281 area code. Remember back in May when we talked about area code superiority? At the time, I found that most Houstonians saw 281 as a dumpy scarlet letter which meant you lived outside the Inner Loop.
>
>
>
> You cannot call the ISS though, but they can make calls out. All my prank call dreams are now dashed.
>
>
>
> Dan Huot with the NASA Johnson Space Center says that the ISS has this number because the phone number is for a device at JSC that is then routed up to the ISS.
>
>
>
> "It's used when the astronauts use the IP phone up on station to make calls to Earth," says Huot. "It shows up with a 281 area code." This is because the JSC is located within the 281 area code. It could be a 281-483 number.
>
>
>
> "The astronauts can use it to call family and friends during their off-duty time or for work related activities," says Huot.
>
>
>
> The calls from the space station make for some pretty amazing moments too.
>
>
>
> "I had a colleague receive a call on his cell phone while we were over in Kazakhstan from Chris Cassidy while he was on-board the ISS giving us details on his camera setup for Karen Nyberg's docking and hatch opening," he says.
>
>
>
> A call from space while in Kazakhstan to your phone is probably pretty standard since that is where ISS crews touch back down to Earth, but it blows my mind. I would love to just get an email from space alone, never mind a phone call.
>
>
>
> Do cell phones work on the ISS?
>
>
>
> "No, unfortunately cell phones rely on ground based antennas for communication," says Huot, shooting down the concept of being able to FaceTime with family at dinner while you are literally watching the world spin by your work station.
>
>
>
> Richard Garriott, second-generation space traveler, auctions historic rocket model
>
>
>
> Robert Pearlman - collectSPACE.com
>
>
>
> The first American to follow in his father's footsteps by flying in space is auctioning some of his memorabilia, including a rare rocket ship model based on a design by Russia's "father of space travel."
>
>
>
> Richard Garriott, a famous computer game developer who in 2008 funded his own multi-million dollar launch to the International Space Station (ISS), is selling items from his eclectic collection of automobiles, automatons and space artifacts. The sale will be held this Saturday by Austin Auction Gallery in Texas.
>
>
>
> A highlight among the auction's lots is Garriott's 3-foot-tall (0.9 meter) model rocket ship based on a 1903 design by Soviet rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.
>
>
>
> "I got it from Russia, sourced directly from descendants of the original designer," Garriott said.
>
>
>
> "Spaceflight was envisioned long ago, but if you look at fiction writers like Jules Verne, who envisioned [travelers] parachuting back to Earth, it would kill you," Garriott said. "So Tsiolkovsky, who was a grade-school math teacher in the late 1800s, was the first to show it scientifically."
>
>
>
> "He made the first practical model rocket design No. 1," explained Garriott. "He did calculations for spaceflight and this is a model of his own original design and is the basis for how and why it works."
>
>
>
> The model, which will open at the auction for a starting bid of $300, was created as a cutaway, providing a look at the command and living level, two equipment levels and the propulsion system inside. The latter even lights up.
>
>
>
> "I rewired it to 110 volt as it was originally set up [to light] on Russian power," Garriott said.
>
>
>
> Garriott has more than a passing interest in space travel; he shares his own connection to space history.
>
>
>
> Growing up watching his father Owen, a NASA astronaut, live aboard the Skylab space station and fly on the space shuttle, Garriott spent 12 days on the International Space Station as a so-called "space tourist," becoming the first second-generation American to launch into orbit.
>
>
>
> Garriott's October 2008 spaceflight was made possible by his trailblazing work in cyberspace.
>
>
>
> A pioneer in developing massively multiplayer online role-playing games, a term he coined, Garriott is also famously known as "Lord British," his character's name in the game series "Ultima" he created in the early 1980s.
>
>
>
> Garriott's professional interests have been reflected in his collection, and the pieces in turn have served as a further point of inspiration for his on-going pursuits.
>
>
>
> "I collect and I look at these demonstration toys or things such as the model rocketship and other electromechanical items to inspire the work I do," Garriott described. "As a collector, these are personally important to me."
>
>
>
> In addition to the rare Tsiolkovsky model, the auction also offers a planetarium projector and six mechanical orreries, the latter used to illustrate the relative position and motion of the planets and moons in a heliocentric model.
>
>
>
> Outside the realm of space and astronomy items, Garriott is also selling a replica Wells Fargo stagecoach, a Harley Davidson Sportster 1200 motorcycle, 1911 Ford Tin Lizzie and 1923 Ford T-Bucket rare automobiles and a selection of automatons, including a full-size "Swami Fortune Teller" machine and a carved "Nottingham" scene showing Robin Hood shooting an arrow.
>
>
>
> The sale includes some 90 pieces from Garriott's private collection, as were previously held at Britannia Manor, his Austin-area, castle-inspired home. Austin Auction Gallery has opened the sale to in-person and absentee bidders, including participants by phone and on the internet through the gallery's website.
>
>
>
> CONSTITUTION DAY – Tuesday, Sept. 17
>
>
>
> http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst.html
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> 225 years ago on Sept. 17, 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia completed work on the Constitution of the United States. In so doing, they ensured the survival of the bold promise of freedom made 11 years earlier by the Declaration of Independence.
>
>
>
> Although the fulfillment of that promise required 27 amendments to the Constitution, as well as a Civil War, the basic principles enunciated during that extraordinary gathering proved to be the lasting foundation of a democratic government that, in Thomas Jefferson's immortal words, "derives its just powers from the consent of the governed."
>
>
>
> Each of these principles was by itself revolutionary; together they represent the greatest step forward in the history of human government.
>
>
>
> First, the new nation was founded on popular sovereignty, whereby the government is created by and for the people.
>
>
>
> Second, the sovereignty of the people was guaranteed by the rule of law.
>
>
>
> Third, the power of the central government was deliberately weakened through the separation of powers, whereby authority was divided between the President, the Congress and the courts.
>
>
>
> END
>
>
>
>

Subject: Fwd: Human Spaceflight News - September 17, 2013 and JSC Today
References: <7F10211CD602224DB7B4BB3E4E6DB4A6056918@NDJSMBX104.ndc.nasa.gov>
From: Bobby Martin <bobbygmartin1938@gmail.com>
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boundary=Apple-Mail-1--4495034
<html><body bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><div> Sent from my iPad</div><div> Begin forwarded message: </div><blockquote type="cite"><div>From: "Moon, Larry J. (JSC-EA411)" <<a href="mailto:larry.j.moon@nasa.gov">larry.j.moon@nasa.gov</a>> Date: September 17, 2013 5:56:48 AM GMT-06:00 To: "Moon, Larry J. (JSC-EA411)" <<a href="mailto:larry.j.moon@nasa.gov">larry.j.moon@nasa.gov</a>> Subject: FW: Human Spaceflight News - September 17, 2013 and JSC Today </div></blockquote><div></div><blockquote type="cite"><div>
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- <a href="#r17520"> Electronics Recycling Drive</a> 
- <a href="#r17508"> Volunteer Opportunity: Citizen Schools</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
</td>
<td width="226" valign="top" style="width:169.5pt;padding:1.5pt 0in 0in 7.5pt" id="imageOfTheDay">

<img border="0" width="226" height="170" id="_x0000_i1028" src="cid:image003.jpg@01CEB372.F665E680" alt="Calm Skies Over Three Oceans"><o:p></o:p>
<div align="right">
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellpadding="0" width="226" style="width:169.5pt;background:#E4E4E4;border:none;border-top:solid white 1.5pt" id="imageOfTheDayTitle">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in">

<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/content/calm-skies-over-three-oceans" target="_blank">Calm Skies Over Three Oceans</a>
<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

<o:p> </o:p>
<div align="center">
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="755" style="width:566.25pt" id="announcements">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in">
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="100%" style="width:100.0%;background:#E4E4E4;border:solid #ACACAC 1.0pt">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in">
<o:p> </o:p>
<h2 style="vertical-align:baseline"><a name="r1">   Headlines</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17523">Morpheus Test Today
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
Morpheus is planning a tether test of its "Bravo" prototype lander today. The test will be streamed live on JSC's UStream channel.
View the live stream and progress updates <a href="http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov/live/">
here</a>. <o:p></o:p>
Test firing is planned for approximately 1 to 2 p.m. The live stream will begin  about 45 minutes before ignition.
<o:p></o:p>
As a safety reminder, on-site viewers should stay back by Building 14 or Building 18, and
not enter the field during operations. <o:p></o:p>
Morpheus is a vertical test bed vehicle being used to mature new, non-toxic propulsion systems and autonomous landing and hazard
detection technologies. <o:p></o:p>
Note: Testing operations are dynamic; actual firing time may vary and tests may be postponed or rescheduled with little notice.
Follow Morpheus on Twitter @MorpheusLander or view the feed from our website for updates.
<o:p></o:p>
For more information, visit:
<o:p></o:p>
<a href="http://www.morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov/">http://www.morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov</a>
<o:p></o:p>
<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/exploration/morpheus/">http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/exploration/morpheus/</a>
<o:p></o:p>
Or, contact
<a href="mailto:wendy.l.watkins@nasa.gov">Wendy Watkins</a>.
<o:p></o:p>

<a href="mailto:wendy.l.watkins@nasa.gov">Wendy Watkins</a>
<a href="http://www.morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov">http://www.morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov</a>
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17522">International Clean Up the World Weekend
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
This coming weekend (Sept. 20 to 22) is International Clean Up the World Weekend. Thousands of groups all over the globe are working
to clean up our environment, increase awareness about sustainability and environmental issues and protect our resources. In honor of this event, think of ways you can "clean up" your space here at work and at home. Tidy up your workstations and storage areas.
Reuse materials or recycle where you can! Look for expired or extra material that can be excessed. Find more recycling and reuse information on the JSC Environmental Office recycling Web page.<o:p></o:p>

<a href="mailto:JSC-Environmental-Office@mail.nasa.gov">JSC Environmental Office</a>
x36207
<a href="http://www6.jsc.nasa.gov/ja/ja13/recycling.cfm">http://www6.jsc.nasa.gov/ja/ja13/recycling.cfm</a>
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
<h2 style="vertical-align:baseline"><a name="r2">   Organizations/Social</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17519">ASIA ERG Call for Officer Nominations
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
The
<a href="https://collaboration.ndc.nasa.gov/iierg/ASIA/SitePages/Home.aspx">Asians Succeeding in Aerospace (ASIA) Employee Resource Group (ERG)</a> for JSC civil servants is making an open call
for officer nominations. Officer positions include: Chair, Co-Chair and Secretary. We are also looking for volunteers to lead various committees/projects (membership, communications, programs, mentoring and recruitment). If interested, please submit your name,
ERG position sought, short bio (less than 300 words) and a picture to Sophia Smith by Wednesday, Sept. 25.<o:p></o:p>
The election will be held on Oct. 1 from 11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. in Building 1, Conference Room 360.<o:p></o:p>

Event Date: Tuesday, October 1, 2013   Event Start Time:11:30 AM   Event End Time:12:30 PM 
Event Location: B.1/CR 360 
 
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17519">Add to Calendar</a> 
 
<a href="mailto:sophia.mao.smith@nasa.gov">Sophia Mao Smith</a>
281-226-4997
<a href="https://collaboration.ndc.nasa.gov/iierg/ASIA/SitePages/Home.aspx">https://collaboration.ndc.nasa.gov/iierg/ASIA/SitePages/Home.aspx</a>
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17492">Engineers Without Borders: JSC Intro Session
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
Ever wonder what Engineers Without Borders is and what they do? Then come out on Wednesday, Sept. 18, in Building 7, Room 141,
from noon to 1 p.m. to learn about the JSC chapter and find out how you can get involved. No RSVP needed.<o:p></o:p>

<a href="mailto:secretary@ewb-jsc.org">Angela Cason</a>
x40903
<a href="http://ewb-jsc.org/index.html">http://ewb-jsc.org/index.html</a>
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17512">Preparation for the INCOSE ASEP/CSEP Exam
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
The Texas Gulf Coast Chapter of INCOSE is organizing a 12-week, lunch-hour study group series beginning on Sept. 27 as preparation
for the INCOSE Systems Engineering Professional (ASEP/CSEP) certification. This series will prepare you to register for and pass the ASEP/CSEP exam. There is NO cost to join this study group. Please respond
BY SEPT. 23 to <a href="mailto:bradgranderson@gmail.com">Brad Granderson</a> if you are interested in participating in this study group. This group is open to any INCOSE members, current
Systems Engineering professionals or those interested in learning more about Systems Engineering.
<o:p></o:p>
If you would like to know more about the INCOSE certification, including what it is, its benefits and different levels, visit the
<a href="http://incose.org/educationcareers/certification/index.aspx">INCOSE website</a>.<o:p></o:p>

<a href="mailto:larry.spratlin.ctr@jacobs.com">Larry Spratlin</a>
281-461-5218
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17517">AIAA Houston - New Issue of 'Horizons' Available
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
The May/June 2013 issue of
Horizons is now online. Horizons is the newsletter of the Houston Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). The cover story is, "The Biggest Myth about the First Moon Landing" by Paul Fjeld, space artist, and includes
an original acrylic painting for our cover illustration. This issue also contains an article on the Team America Rocketry Challenge (Harold Larson), a synopsis of our May 2013 Annual Technical Symposium (Dr. Steven E. Everett) and an article called Rendezvous
Endgame (Daniel R. Adamo, astrodynamics consultant). Our partnership with the JSC Astronomical Society continues in this issue, with an article about how to make your own astronomer's chair. This issue concludes with part 6 of 8 from "Man Will Conquer Space
Soon!" This is our page by page high resolution reprint of the 1952-1954 Collier's series of magazine articles from a team led by Wernher von Braun.<o:p></o:p>

<a href="mailto:michael.frostad@jacobs.com">Michael Frostad</a>
206-963-6858
<a href="http://www.aiaahouston.org">http://www.aiaahouston.org</a>
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
<h2 style="vertical-align:baseline"><a name="r3">   Jobs and Training</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17480">ISS EDMS User Forum
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
The International Space Station (ISS) Electronic Document Management System (EDMS) team will hold the monthly General User Training
Forum this Thursday, Sept. 19, at 9:30 a.m. in Building 4S, Conference Room 5315. WebEx and telecom provided.
<o:p></o:p>
If you use EDMS to locate station documents, join us to learn about basic navigation and searching. Bring your questions, concerns
and suggestions and meet the station EDMS Customer Support team. The agenda can be found
<a href="https://iss-www.jsc.nasa.gov/ss/issapt/act/showAgenda.cfm?agen_id=45139">
here</a>. <o:p></o:p>

Event Date: Thursday, September 19, 2013   Event Start Time:9:30 AM   Event End Time:10:30 AM 
Event Location: JSC 4S/5315 Webex/Telecon 
 
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17480">Add to Calendar</a> 
 
<a href="mailto:patricia.l.cobarruvias@nasa.gov">LaNell Cobarruvias</a>
x48999
<a href="https://iss-www.jsc.nasa.gov/nwo/apps/edms/web/UserForums.shtml">https://iss-www.jsc.nasa.gov/nwo/apps/edms/web/UserForums.shtml</a>
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17509">Extended TDY FedTraveler Live Lab: Sept. 18
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
Do you need some hands-on, personal help with <a href="http://FedTraveler.com">FedTraveler.com</a>? Join the Business Systems and Process Improvement Office for an
Extended TDY FedTraveler Live Lab tomorrow, Sept. 18, any time between 9 a.m. and noon in Building 12, Room 142. Our help desk representatives will be available to help you work through Extended TDY travel processes and learn more about using FedTraveler during
this informal workshop. Bring your current travel documents or specific questions that you have about the system and join us for some hands-on, in-person help with FedTraveler. If you'd like to sign up for this Extended TDY FedTraveler Live Lab, log into SATERN
and register. For additional information, please contact Judy Seier at x32771. To register in SATERN, click on this SATERN direct link:
<a href="https://satern.nasa.gov/learning/user/deeplink_redirect.jsp?linkId=SCHEDULED_OFFERING_DETAILS&scheduleID=69241">
https://satern.nasa.gov/learning/user/deeplink_redirect.jsp?linkId=SCHEDULED_...</a><o:p></o:p>

<a href="mailto:GINA.G.CLENNEY@NASA.GOV">Gina Clenney</a>
x39851
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17518">RLLS Portal WebEx Training for September
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
The September weekly RLLS Portal Education Series:
<o:p></o:p>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Sept. 19 at 2 p.m. CDT, Physical Logical Access Training<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Sept. 26 at 2 p.m. CDT, Translation Support Training
<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
</ol>
The 30-minute training sessions are computer-based WebEx sessions, offering individuals the convenience to join from their own
workstation. The training will cover the following: <o:p></o:p>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
System login<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Locating support modules<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Locating downloadable instructions
<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Creating support requests<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Submittal requirements<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Submitting on behalf of another<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Adding attachments<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Selecting special requirements<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Submitting a request<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#343434;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo5;vertical-align:baseline">
Status of a request
<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
</ol>
Ending each session there will be a Q&A opportunity. Please remember that TTI will no longer accept requests for U.S.-performed
services unless they are submitted through the RLLS Portal. <o:p></o:p>
<a href="mailto:James.E.Welty@nasa.gov">Email</a> or call 281-335-8565
to sign up.<o:p></o:p>

<a href="mailto:james.e.welty@tti-corp.com">James Welty</a>
281-335-8565
<a href="https://www.tti-portal.com">https://www.tti-portal.com</a>
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
<h2 style="vertical-align:baseline"><a name="r4">   Community</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo6;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17520">Electronics Recycling Drive
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
There will be an electronics recycling drive this Saturday, Sept. 21, from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. at Clear Brook High School in Friendswood.
Anything electronic or with wires is accepted (examples: computers, monitors, printers, phones, stereos, wire, clocks, game consoles and small appliances). There is no limit to the quantity of items that can be donated. The old tube-type TVs
cannot be accepted, but flat-screen TVs and projection TVs are fine.<o:p></o:p>

Event Date: Saturday, September 21, 2013   Event Start Time:9:00 AM   Event End Time:2:00 PM 
Event Location: Clear Brook High School, Friendswood 
 
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17520">Add to Calendar</a> 
 
<a href="mailto:leroy.c.sprunger@nasa.gov">Pete Sprunger</a>
281-226-6962
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo6;vertical-align:baseline">
<a name="r17508">Volunteer Opportunity: Citizen Schools
</a><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
This fall, you have the unique opportunity to help kids discover and achieve their dreams
<a href="http://www.citizenschools.org/">with Citizen Schools</a>. Citizen Schools work with at-risk middle school students and help students learn about new careers and futures through hands-on,
real-world "apprenticeships" taught by people like you. <o:p></o:p>
By volunteering once a week over the course of the semester, you will be able to share your skills and knowledge with low-income
students at struggling Houston Independent School District schools (Fondren Middle School). The students you will work with are in sixth graders, which is a pivotal time to influence future college and career choices. We are also soliciting volunteers for
a lesser commitment to work in teams. You can learn more about the experience and at our information session today, Sept. 17, in Building 1, Room 765, from 11 a.m. to noon. If you have any questions, contact
<a href="mailto:j.m.jernigan@nasa.gov">Mark Jernigan</a> or
<a href="mailto:michaeltrabert@citizenschools.org">Michael Trabert</a>. The classes are either Tuesday or Thursday, starting next week.<o:p></o:p>

Event Date: Tuesday, September 17, 2013   Event Start Time:11:00 AM   Event End Time:12:00 PM 
Event Location: 1-765 
 
<a href="http://events.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCToday/eventInfo.cfm?id=17508">Add to Calendar</a> 
 
<a href="mailto:j.m.jernigan@nasa.gov">Mark Jernigan</a>
x39528
 
 
<a href="#the_top">[top]</a><o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

<o:p> </o:p>
<div align="center">
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
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<td style="padding:0in 0in 0in 0in">
 <o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border:solid #ACACAC 1.0pt;background:#F6F9FE;padding:7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt" id="disclaimer">
JSC Today is compiled periodically as a service to JSC employees on an as-submitted basis. Any JSC organization or employee
may submit articles.<o:p></o:p>
Disclaimer: Accuracy and content of these notes are the responsibility of the submitters.<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/ntv">NASA TV:</a>
1 pm Central (2 EDT) – Orbital Sciences/Cygnus D-1 pre-launch news conference<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Human Spaceflight News<o:p></o:p>
Tuesday – September 17, 2013<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
HEADLINES AND LEADS<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Chocolate coming on next space station delivery<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Marcia Dunn - Associated Press<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A U.S. company makes its debut this week as a space station delivery service. And the lone American aboard the orbiting lab is counting on a fresh stash of chocolate. In an interview Monday with The Associated Press, NASA astronaut Karen
Nyberg said she can't wait for this weekend's arrival of a new cargo ship named Cygnus. She says it should be similar to other shipments at the International Space Station, even though it will be a first for Orbital Sciences Corp. Orbital Sciences is scheduled
to launch an unmanned Antares rocket containing Cygnus on Wednesday. NASA is paying Orbital Sciences and the California-based SpaceX company to keep the space station well stocked. The U.S. space shuttle program, which did that work in the past, has ended.
(NO FURTHER TEXT)<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
NASA clears Orbital Sciences for test flight to space station<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Irene Klotz - Reuters<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
NASA on Monday cleared a second commercial company to launch a cargo ship to the International Space Station, with blastoff slated this week from a Virginia spaceport. If successful, Orbital Sciences Corp. would join privately owned
Space Exploration Technologies, also known as SpaceX, in flying supplies to the space station, a $100 billion research complex that orbits about 250 miles above Earth. Orbital Sciences' two-stage Antares rocket, which made a successful debut flight in April,
is scheduled to lift off at 10:50 a.m. EDT on Wednesday from the Virginia-owned Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, which operates under a lease agreement with NASA's Wallops Flight Facility.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Wallops to launch spacecraft to dock with the ISS<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Tamara Dietrich - Hampton Roads Daily Press<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A mere 12 days after finessing its first moon launch, Virginia's fledgling spaceport on Wallops Island plans another first: launching a commercial cargo craft to the International Space Station. At 10:50 Wednesday morning, a massive
Antares rocket is slated to lift off from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on the Eastern Shore. It will boost a Cygnus cargo spacecraft packed with 1,300 pounds of food, clothing and tools to attempt to dock with the orbiting
space station. The launch was originally set for Tuesday, but was delayed because of poor weather Friday and a bad communications cable that needed replacing, said NASA. Now if Wednesday's launch is successful, the Cygnus will become only the second commercial
ship to dock with the station after SpaceX berthed its Dragon capsule last year, making history and international headlines.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Virginia's bet brings big launches to the mid-Atlantic<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Stephen Clark – <a href="http://SpaceflightNow.com"><a href="http://SpaceflightNow.com">SpaceflightNow.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
NASA's Wallops Flight Facility, nestled on a quaint stretch of Virginia's rural coastline, has an active autumn launch schedule this year, one sign a nearly $150 million investment by state and federal governments is starting to pay
off. With four space missions planned for liftoff in a span of about three months, the Virginia spaceport is operating at a pace unmatched since the heady days of the Space Race in the 1960s. According to its website, the NASA-owned facility has launched more
than 14,000 rockets since it was established in 1945. But the bulk of those launches were of lightweight sounding rockets lofted on suborbital trajectories.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Private Spacecraft 'Go' for 1st Space Station Launch Wednesday<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Mike Wall - <a href="http://Space.com"><a href="http://Space.com">Space.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A commercial cargo capsule has been cleared for its debut flight on Wednesday (Sept. 18), a liftoff that will blast the robotic vessel on a demonstration mission to the International Space Station. The unmanned Cygnus spacecraft, which
is built by aerospace firm Orbital Sciences, passed its launch readiness review and is now set to lift off Wednesday from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, officials announced Monday.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Orbital Sciences Corp. will try this week to join SpaceX as nation's commercial space truckers<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Lee Roop - Huntsville Times<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Orbital Sciences Corp. has delayed by 24 hours its attempt this week to become the second private company to send a supply capsule to the International Space Station. The Antares rocket and Cygnus spacecraft are now scheduled to leave
this Virginia launch site Wednesday between 9:50 and 10:05 a.m. CDT. NASA blamed the delay on bad weather that delayed roll-out of the rocket Sept. 13 and a problem in communications between ground controllers and the rocket's flight computer. That communications
problem has been fixed. Orbital is attempting to follow Space X in successfully sending an unscrewed capsule to the station. This is a demonstration flight, so the the Cygnus capsule will carry about 1,300 pounds of useful - but not critical - cargo to the
station, including food and clothing. If Orbital can succeed in this and a second launch in a few months, it will move into a good position to keep NASA funding in the next round of government contracts. Capture by the space station will be Sunday at 6:17
a.m. CDT, and all events will be broadcast live on <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/ntv">
NASA TV</a>. (NO FURTHER TEXT)<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Orbital Sciences Primed for First Cygnus Cargo Mission to Space Station<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Ben Evans – <a href="http://AmericaSpace.com"><a href="http://AmericaSpace.com">AmericaSpace.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
After many delays, Orbital Sciences Corp. stands ready to stage the long-awaited Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Demonstration Mission—designated "ORB-D"—of its Cygnus cargo craft to the International Space Station.
Liftoff of the two-stage Antares rocket, carrying Cygnus, was originally scheduled for 11:16 a.m. EDT Tuesday, 17 September, at the start of a 15-minute "launch window," after which the craft would have pursued a five-day independent flight to rendezvous with
the multi-national outpost. However, Orbital reported Saturday that it would postpone the launch "by at least 24 hours," due to a combination of poor weather at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Va., during Antares' rollout to Pad
0A and a technical issue which arose during a combined systems test Friday evening. "After comprehensive inspection and testing," Orbital explained, "the problem was found and turned out to be an inoperative cable, which is being replaced." Antares teams are
currently working toward a new launch time of 10:50 a.m. EDT Wednesday, 18 September. In a manner not dissimilar to the profile adopted by SpaceX's Dragon vehicle, Cygnus will be captured by the station's 57-foot-long Canadarm2 robotic arm—controlled by Expedition
37 astronauts Karen Nyberg and Luca Parmitano—and berthed at the "nadir" (Earth-facing) port of the Harmony node Saturday, 22 September.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In Honor of David: Astronaut who inspired Orbital's first Cygnus mission<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Ben Evans - <a href="http://AmericaSpace.com"><a href="http://AmericaSpace.com">AmericaSpace.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Only days remain before the scheduled 18 September launch of the first Cygnus cargo mission to the International Space Station by Orbital Sciences Corp. Liftoff of the second Antares booster, which follows hard on the heels of April's
test flight, will occur from Pad 0A at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Va., and is expected to deliver Cygnus on a month-long journey to the multi-national orbiting outpost. Last week, Orbital tweeted that it was naming the first
Cygnus craft in honor of former senior executive and three-time shuttle astronaut G. David Low. As part of AmericaSpace's coverage of this important mission for Orbital, this weekend's history articles will focus on the larger-than-life character, legacy,
and space missions of Low, who died in 2008.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Lynx space plane taking off: Q&A with XCOR Aerospace CEO Jeff Greason<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Govert Schilling - <a href="http://Space.com"><a href="http://Space.com">Space.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In an old World War II-era hangar here in this blistering-hot town, a passionate group of young aerospace engineers is building a private spaceship called Lynx. Developed by XCOR Aerospace, Lynx is the main competitor of Virgin Galactic's
SpaceShipTwo, built by Scaled Composites, also in Mojave. Commercial flights of the Lynx space plane are expected to commence in 2015, mainly through the Dutch company Space Expedition Corporation. <a href="http://SPACE.com">SPACE.com</a> talked to XCOR's CEO Jeff Greason about the company,
Lynx and the rise of private spaceflight. (This interview has been edited for length and clarity.)
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A critical time for commercial launch providers<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Jeff Foust – The Space Review<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
For a time last week, it looked like we would be in the midst of an unusually concentrated period of critical launches. In the span of less than a week, four launches of new, nearly new, or returning to flight vehicles were on global
launch manifests: the inaugural launch of Japan's Epsilon small launch vehicle, the first launch of SpaceX's upgraded Falcon 9 v1.1, the second launch of Orbital Sciences Corporations Antares rocket carrying the first Cygnus cargo spacecraft, and the first
Proton launch since a dramatic launch failure in early July. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
End of WWII Model Shakes Up Aerospace Industry<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Jim Cantrell - Space News (Opinion)<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
(Cantrell is president and chief executive of Strategic Space Development, an aerospace and technology consulting firm based in Tucson, Ariz.)<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Efforts undertaken to arm the United States to fight as part of World War II are almost beyond criticism in American politics. It may be surprising to many of us then that
the policies and efforts employed over 70 years ago still affect our industry today and are in many ways at the heart of the current malaise that is plaguing our domestic aerospace industry.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Beam me down, Scotty<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Tom Toles -  Washington Post (Opinion)<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
I like writing about space because everybody disagrees with me. I sound like a luddite and a miserly, passionless utilitarian one at that, and I'd happily agree to being all
those things if they were true, but actually I am frequently enchanted by technology and am a veritable Peter Pan of adventure romance at heart. It just so happens I've looked at the space project without blinders, and people don't want, and I mean REALLY
REALY don't want to face a very disillusioning reality.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The space station's phone has a Houston area code<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Craig Hlavaty - Houston Chronicle's The Texican<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The Washington Post has a great new piece on the function of the International Space Station and what it will mean to the next few decades of manned spaceflight. Still, few
people think about what's going on up there. Even the most famous astronaut in recent pop culture history, Chris Hadfield, says that the life of an ISS dweller is an anonymous one. He had to make cool viral videos for people to be reminded of it, and he did
a good damned job of that. The WashPo feature has lots of great color on the ISS. Satellite TV is spotty, though you can probably see one of the satellites beaming out Breaking Bad to homes across the world just a few miles in distance. You can't smoke and
you can't knock back a cold (or stiff one) after one of your 12-hour shifts. Standard astronaut stuff. But there was also the tidbit that the ISS has a phone number with a 281 area code. Remember back in May when we talked about area code superiority? At the
time, I found that most Houstonians saw 281 as a dumpy scarlet letter which meant you lived outside the Inner Loop. You cannot call the ISS though, but they can make calls out. All my prank call dreams are now dashed.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Richard Garriott, second-generation space traveler, auctions historic rocket model<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Robert Pearlman - <a href="http://collectSPACE.com"><a href="http://collectSPACE.com">collectSPACE.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The first American to follow in his father's footsteps by flying in space is auctioning some of his memorabilia, including a rare rocket ship model based on a design by Russia's "father of space travel." Richard Garriott, a famous computer
game developer who in 2008 funded his own multi-million dollar launch to the International Space Station (ISS), is selling items from his eclectic collection of automobiles, automatons and space artifacts. The sale will be held this Saturday by
<a href="http://www.austinauction.com/">Austin Auction Gallery</a> in Texas.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
CONSTITUTION
DAY – Tuesday,
Sept. 17<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst.html">http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst.html</a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<img border="0" width="230" height="173" id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image001.png@01CEB371.0992B910" alt="cid:image001.png@01CEB371.0992B910"><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
225 years ago on Sept. 17, 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia completed work on the Constitution of the United
States. In so doing, they ensured the survival of the bold promise of freedom made 11 years earlier by the Declaration of Independence. Although the fulfillment of that promise required 27 amendments to the Constitution, as well as a Civil War, the basic principles
enunciated during that extraordinary gathering proved to be the lasting foundation of a democratic government that, in Thomas Jefferson's immortal words, "derives its just powers from the consent of the governed…"<o:p></o:p>
__________<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
COMPLETE STORIES<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
NASA clears Orbital Sciences for test flight to space station<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Irene Klotz - Reuters<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
NASA on Monday cleared a second commercial company to launch a cargo ship to the International Space Station, with blastoff slated this week from a Virginia spaceport.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
If successful, Orbital Sciences Corp. would join privately owned Space Exploration Technologies, also known as SpaceX, in flying supplies to the space station, a $100 billion research complex that orbits about 250 miles above Earth.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Orbital Sciences' two-stage Antares rocket, which made a successful debut flight in April, is scheduled to lift off at 10:50 a.m. EDT on Wednesday from the Virginia-owned Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, which operates under a lease
agreement with NASA's Wallops Flight Facility.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The 133-foot (40.5 meter) tall rocket will be carrying the company's first Cygnus cargo capsule.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Like SpaceX's Dragon capsules, which so far have made three flights to the space station, Cygnus is intended to restore a U.S. supply line to the station following the retirement of NASA's space shuttles in 2011.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"We have them lined up to use them fairly regularly," NASA's space station program manager Mike Suffredini told reporters during a prelaunch press conference.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"This is what we said was going to be the fleet to take care of the U.S. segment (of the space station) and we need to have it," Suffredini said.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Russia, Europe and Japan also fly freighters to the station, a partnership of 15 nations.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Unlike traditional government contracts, NASA provided $684 million in seed funds as well as technical support to SpaceX and Orbital Sciences to develop their rockets, capsules and launch facilities.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The firms also hold a combined $3.5 billion in contracts to fly cargo to the station for NASA.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
SpaceX, which was awarded its development contract in 2006, is preparing to debut an upgraded version of its Falcon 9 rocket later this month.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
NASA wants SpaceX to have two or three missions under its belt with the new rocket before resuming supply runs to the station, Suffredini said.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Orbital Sciences, which began its partnership with NASA 18 months later, stands to collect a final $2.5 million development payment from NASA upon completion of its demonstration flight to the station.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
If the launch occurs as planned on Wednesday, astronauts aboard the station on Sunday plan to use a robotic crane to pluck the Cygnus capsule from orbit and attach it to a docking port.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Unlike Dragon capsules, Cygnus spacecraft are designed to burn up in the atmosphere after they are loaded with trash and depart the station.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
For its orbital debut, Cygnus will be carrying a half-load of about 1,543 pounds (700 kg) of food and other cargo considered "non-essential" by NASA in case the rocket or spacecraft encounters problems and cannot reach the station.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"For a demo flight, we don't typically fill them up," Suffredini said.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Cygnus is expected to remain docked at the station for about a month. Should the mission be successful, Orbital Sciences plans to return to that station in December for the first flight under a $1.9 billion cargo resupply contract with
NASA.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
For now, NASA is the only customer for Cygnus, but Orbital Sciences expects new business as the United States and other countries launch exploration initiatives beyond the space station's orbit.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"We think Cygnus has the capability to do a lot more than just deliver cargo to the station," said Frank Culbertson, a former astronaut who now serves as Orbital Science's executive vice president.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Thales Alenia Space, a consortium led by Europe's largest defense electronics company, France's Thales, is a prime contractor on the capsule.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Wallops to launch spacecraft to dock with the ISS<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Tamara Dietrich - Hampton Roads Daily Press<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A mere 12 days after finessing its first moon launch, Virginia's fledgling spaceport on Wallops Island plans another first: launching a commercial cargo craft to the International Space Station.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
At 10:50 Wednesday morning, a massive Antares rocket is slated to lift off from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on the Eastern Shore. It will boost a Cygnus cargo spacecraft packed with 1,300 pounds
of food, clothing and tools to attempt to dock with the orbiting space station.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The launch was originally set for Tuesday, but was delayed because of poor weather Friday and a bad communications cable that needed replacing, said NASA.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Now if Wednesday's launch is successful, the Cygnus will become only the second commercial ship to dock with the station after SpaceX berthed its Dragon capsule last year, making history and international headlines.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"There's a lot of excitement at Wallops because this payload will be going to the International Space Station," said Jeff Reddish,¿ a NASA project manager. "It puts Wallops into an operational mode for this rocket."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Reddish began working at Wallops as a mechanical engineer in 1988 when the focus was on the suborbital sounding rockets the 68-year-old facility is best known for.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
But in the last few years, Virginia's leaders began pushing to positioning the commonwealth as a new Space Coast, building a $145 million liquid-fuel launch pad and support facilities to accommodate bigger rockets for bigger missions
and private space customers.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Dale K. Nash, executive director of the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority that oversees MARS, said the Cygnus mission will confirm the full operational capability of MARS and its new pad.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In April, the Antares completed a successful test launch from the facility, but with only a simulated Cygnus capsule aboard.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Wednesday's far more ambitious demonstration mission is the latest milestone for MARS and for Orbital Sciences Corp. toward fulfilling a $1.9 billion resupply contract with NASA. Orbital is the Dulles-based space transport company that
built the Antares and the Cygnus.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
If successful, the demonstration mission clears the way for Orbital to make eight resupply runs from MARS to the station well into 2016 in what Nash calls a "very good partnership" benefiting both the commonwealth and the nation.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"Everyone is upbeat right now," said Keith Koehler, spokesman at Wallops. "We are still riding high from the LADEE launch on Sept. 6, and people are working hard to turn things around and get Antares launched successfully."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
LADEE — or the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Experiment Explorer — is a NASA probe that will orbit the moon for 100 days, analyzing dust particles to better understand the moon's ultrathin atmosphere. It was the first time Wallops launched
anything beyond Earth's orbit.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The week leading up to Wednesday's launch was spent in a dress rehearsal, followed by rolling out the rocket and spacecraft to the launch pad on Friday, said Reddish. There, Orbital put it through its paces in pre-launch tests. Sunday
was a pre-launch readiness review, then data flow and other tests on Monday.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
There's a slim 15-minute launch window Wednesday, so a delay beyond that means a mission scrub and rescheduling for another day.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The 132-foot, medium-lift Antares will fall into the Atlantic once the Cygnus separates, so Reddish said they're deploying boats and surveillance aircraft well in advance to keep people clear of the hazard area.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
NASA plans live launch coverage beginning at 10 a.m. Wednesday. Go to
<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/ntv"><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/ntv">http://www.nasa.gov/ntv</a></a> for information and streaming.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
If the Antares launches on schedule, NASA says the Cygnus is scheduled to rendezvous with the space station early Sunday morning. NASA plans TV coverage of that event, too.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Virginia's bet brings big launches to the mid-Atlantic<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Stephen Clark – <a href="http://SpaceflightNow.com"><a href="http://SpaceflightNow.com">SpaceflightNow.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
NASA's Wallops Flight Facility, nestled on a quaint stretch of Virginia's rural coastline, has an active autumn launch schedule this year, one sign a nearly $150 million investment by state and federal governments is starting to pay
off. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
With four space missions planned for liftoff in a span of about three months, the Virginia spaceport is operating at a pace unmatched since the heady days of the Space Race in the 1960s.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
According to its website, the NASA-owned facility has launched more than 14,000 rockets since it was established in 1945. But the bulk of those launches were of lightweight sounding rockets lofted on suborbital trajectories.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Only a few dozen of the launches put satellites in orbit.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
For the first time since the 1970s, Wallops has a steady lineup of space launches over the next few years as Orbital Sciences Corp. begins flying resupply missions to the International Space Station.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The first of at least nine Antares rocket launches to the space station is scheduled for Wednesday. This week's launch will kick off a demonstration mission of Orbital's Cygnus cargo spacecraft, and eight operational flights will follow
under a $1.9 billion contract with NASA. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
On a pace of two or three resupply flights per year, the Cygnus manifest will keep Wallops and the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority, operator of the Wallops launch pads, busy for much of the decade.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"I have to say it looks pretty good, providing the missions continue to come," said Bill Wrobel, director of the Wallops Flight Facility.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
An occasional launch of Orbital's smaller solid-fueled Minotaur rocket added to the mix makes for a sweet recipe for Dale Nash, executive director of the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
It's all helping put Virginia's Eastern Shore on the map as a space hub.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
About a four-hour drive southeast of Washington, D.C., Wallops lies in a region known more for factory farming, the draw of the wild ponies of Chincoteague Island, and as a weekend getaway for landlocked Washingtonians seeking a summertime
respite. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
But rocket launches - and social media - are helping to change that.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
When NASA's moon-bound LADEE mission blasted off in early September, its streak into space from Virginia lit up both the night sky and Twitter along the East Coast in a late-night launch visible from the homes of tens of millions of
people from New England to North Carolina. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The mission got a second boost on social media last week when a frog photobomb hit the interweb.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"Antares really puts us on the map in that we can support the International Space Station, and we can put up satellites in the 12,000-pound range," Nash said. "That's a significant step. That all came about from the state of Virginia,
with congressional support from Maryland, getting the funding, the approval and the commitment to come in here."
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Beginning with the Sept. 6 launch of NASA's LADEE lunar orbiter aboard a Minotaur 5 rocket, derived from decommissioned Peacekeeper missile stages, the busy stretch of launches continues with Wednesday's flight of an Antares booster
on a test run to the space station. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A Minotaur 1 rocket, a smaller version of the Minotaur powered by Minuteman missile motors, is scheduled to blast off Nov. 4 with a cache of 29 satellites on a U.S. Defense Department mission.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The manifest calls for another Antares launch in December on Orbital's first contracted resupply flight to the space station.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"We're really beginning to click on all cylinders," Nash said. "I think we'll not only be able to pull off these two launches within a couple of weeks of each other, but we will pull off two more before the end of the year."
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority, a state agency of the Virginia government, runs two launch pads at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, colloquially known as MARS. The infrastructure is on land leased by Virginia from
NASA, which is in charge of range support, safety, and rocket tracking systems. <o:p>
</o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
MARS operates pads 0A and 0B lying about 1,500 feet apart on the sandy Atlantic coastline.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Launch pad 0A, the northernmost of the pads, was the first all-new launch pad built in the United States for a liquid-fueled rocket in more than 40 years. Virginia, Orbital Sciences and NASA divided the facility's cost.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The launch pads and the Antares processing hangar cost nearly $150 million, Nash said.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"That was very challenging, but we're beginning to feel like we're hitting our stride," Nash said.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The Antares pad faced more than a year of construction delays as engineers struggled with the pad's liquid fueling systems, but Nash said the facility performed well in its first use during the April test launch of Orbital's Antares
rocket. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"Even though it's only our second mission," Nash said, referring to Wednesday's Antares launch, "it really feels like we've done multiple. We did a fair amount of testing to begin with, we did have two scrubs before we launched with
the maiden flight. It is so much easier getting the pad prepared and ready to take the rocket this time."
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Launch pad 0B, employing a simpler design tailored for solid-fueled rockets like the Minotaur, was first used on a satellite launch in 2006. It has facilitated five Minotaur missions to date.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"It is a challenge," Nash said. "Fortunately, we've got a lot of good people. We've got several people who have moved here from the space program, primarily in Florida, and great support with NASA bringing people in from different centers.
But we've been able to also home-grow a lot of talent from the local area here, from Virginia, Maryland and some from Delaware, a few from Pennsylvania. We're organically growing our younger engineers and technicians and placing them around the old crows who
have been in this business for a long time." <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Nash said his team of about 60 engineers and technicians is working a "fair amount of overtime" to support the rapid launch cadence.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"This is a lot of effort," Nash said. "The two state-owned MARS launch pads are right next to each other. We're in close proximity, so we have to work around each other."
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Once the Antares is off the pad, attention at MARS will turn to the next Minotaur 1 launch in early November. The mission is sponsored by the Pentagon's Operationally Responsive Space office, a unit tasked with delivering tactical and
research satellites on a tight budget. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The Minotaur 1's main payload is the STPSat 3 satellite, which hosts five technological research payloads and a de-orbit module. STPSat 3 is already at Wallops being prepared for the launch.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Twenty-eight CubeSats - tiny palm-sized satellites built by students, researchers and commercial entities - are also hitching a ride on the Nov. 4 launch.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Then Orbital will commence work on its eight-launch contract with NASA for commercial resupply of the space station, beginning as soon as December.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
At least two more Antares launches to the space station are on tap in 2014.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
As long as the space station keeps flying, it will need supplies, experiments and spare parts from U.S. spacecraft like those developed by Orbital Sciences and SpaceX, NASA's other cargo transportation provider.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Wallops and the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport have banked on it.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"The good thing is with space station resupply, I'd say the future looks pretty bright," Wrobel said.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Private Spacecraft 'Go' for 1st Space Station Launch Wednesday<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Mike Wall - <a href="http://Space.com"><a href="http://Space.com">Space.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A commercial cargo capsule has been cleared for its debut flight on Wednesday (Sept. 18), a liftoff that will blast the robotic vessel on a demonstration mission to the International Space Station.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The unmanned Cygnus spacecraft, which is built by aerospace firm Orbital Sciences, passed its launch readiness review and is now set to lift off Wednesday from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, officials announced Monday.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"@OrbitalSciences & NASA managers are go for Sept. 18 10:50amET #Cygnus launch to #ISS. Weather 75% go," NASA officials tweeted Monday.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Cygnus will blast off atop Orbital's Antares rocket, which flew to space for the first time this past April. Wednesday's launch is a test to see if the Virginia-based company is ready to start making a series of eight cargo runs to the
space station for NASA under a $1.9 billion contract.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The liftoff was orginally scheduled to take place Tuesday (Sept. 17). However, a faulty communications link between ground equipment and Antares' flight computer interrupted a key review called the combined systems test (CST) on Friday
(Sept. 13), pushing everything back a day.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The problem was fixed and the CST was completed late Saturday night (Sept. 14), Orbital officials wrote in a status update over the weekend.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
After launching to orbit Wednesday, Cygnus will spend four days chasing the space station down, eventually arriving on Sept. 22. Astronauts aboard the orbiting lab will then unload about 1,300 pounds (589 kilograms) of cargo from Cygnus,
which is designed to carry up to 5,952 pounds (2,700 kg) of supplies in its enhanced configuration.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Cygnus will spend about a month attached to the space station, at which point it will depart and burn up in Earth's atmosphere.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Orbital Sciences isn't the only company that holds a NASA cargo contract. California-based SpaceX signed a $1.6 billion dollar deal to make 12 flights to the space station using its Dragon capsule — which, unlike Cygnus, can return hardware
and equipment to Earth — and Falcon 9 rocket.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Dragon has visited the orbiting lab three times, once on a demonstration mission like the one Orbital is launching this week and the other two times on bona fide supply runs.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Orbital Sciences Primed for First Cygnus Cargo Mission to Space Station<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Ben Evans – <a href="http://AmericaSpace.com"><a href="http://AmericaSpace.com">AmericaSpace.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
After many delays, Orbital Sciences Corp. stands ready to stage the long-awaited Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Demonstration Mission—designated "ORB-D"—of its Cygnus cargo craft to the International Space Station.
Liftoff of the two-stage Antares rocket, carrying Cygnus, was originally scheduled for 11:16 a.m. EDT Tuesday, 17 September, at the start of a 15-minute "launch window," after which the craft would have pursued a five-day independent flight to rendezvous with
the multi-national outpost. However, Orbital reported Saturday that it would postpone the launch "by at least 24 hours," due to a combination of poor weather at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Va., during Antares' rollout to Pad
0A and a technical issue which arose during a combined systems test Friday evening. "After comprehensive inspection and testing," Orbital explained, "the problem was found and turned out to be an inoperative cable, which is being replaced." Antares teams are
currently working toward a new launch time of 10:50 a.m. EDT Wednesday, 18 September. In a manner not dissimilar to the profile adopted by SpaceX's Dragon vehicle, Cygnus will be captured by the station's 57-foot-long Canadarm2 robotic arm—controlled by Expedition
37 astronauts Karen Nyberg and Luca Parmitano—and berthed at the "nadir" (Earth-facing) port of the Harmony node Saturday, 22 September.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
This week's momentous events come at the end of a long and tortuous development and testing process for both Antares and Cygnus. In January 2006, NASA announced COTS as a program to develop vehicles for the commercial transportation
of equipment and eventually crew to and from the ISS. In the early stages, the front runners appeared to be SpaceX and Rocketplane Kistler—both companies having won Phase I of the program in August 2006—but NASA terminated its agreement with RK in September
2007, due to insufficient funding having been raised.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
As described in last weekend's history articles, it was recently announced that the first Cygnus mission will be named in honor of the late G. David Low, a three-time space shuttle astronaut and Orbital executive. Under his "extraordinarily
inspiring" leadership as Senior Vice President and Program Manager of Orbital's COTS effort, from September 2006 until shortly before his death in March 2008, Low served as "a primary architect" in positioning the Dulles, Va.-based corporation to win the second-round
selection.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In February 2008, NASA announced its selection of Orbital as a COTS partner, and the following December the two winners of the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contracts were identified. Under the provisions of those contracts, NASA
"ordered eight flights valued at about $1.9 billion from Orbital and 12 flights valued at about $1.6 billion from SpaceX." The flights were to be executed by the end of 2016, and each company was required to transport a total of approximately 44,000 pounds
of supplies to the ISS.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Despite having secured such a significant contract in the annals of commercial space endeavor, Orbital endured a multitude of technical and organizational problems which repeatedly delayed the maiden voyage of its large Antares launch
vehicle. Propelled by a pair of Aerojet-built AJ-26 engines—whose heritage extends back to the Soviet era, having originated as NK-33 powerplants for Russia's ill-fated N-1 lunar rocket—the 133-foot-tall Antares is Orbital's first cryogenic booster and its
largest launcher to date. The AJ-26s are fueled by rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) and liquid oxygen and are part of a consignment of 36 engines bought from Russia in the mid-1990s at a cost of $1.1 million apiece. Orbital added modern electronics and incorporated
performance enhancements, and at the instant of launch each AJ-26 produces a sea-level thrust of about 338,000 pounds.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
During several lengthy test firings since March 2010, the engines have functioned generally well on the test stand. A notable anomaly occurred in June 2011, when one of them caught fire following a kerosene leak, apparently due to stress-corrosion
cracks in its 40-year-old metal. At the same time, problems with the MARS site on Wallops Island, Va.—including the construction of new kerosene and liquid oxygen tankage and the certification of propellant-loading operations—have caused other headaches and
conspired to delay the first Antares launch well past its original spring 2012 target date.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
As the rocket evolved, so did its name. Until December 2011, Antares was known by its developmental name of "Taurus II," but this was changed in accordance with Orbital's tradition of using ancient Greek celestial names—Pegasus, Taurus,
and Minotaur, for instance – —for its programs. "A launch vehicle of this scale and significance," explained Orbital's President and CEO David Thompson, "deserves its own name." In addition to being one of the brightest stars in the sky, the red-hued supergiant
star Antares has also lent its name to the Lunar Module which carried Apollo 14 astronauts Al Shepard and Ed Mitchell to the surface of the Moon in early 1971.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Aside from the problems, NASA's confidence in the rocket has remained strong, and in June 2012 the space agency added Antares to its NASA Launch Services Contract (NLS-II), which will enable Orbital to bid for future missions to transport
medium-class scientific payloads into space. NASA's confidence was vindicated in spectacular style on 21 April 2013, when the first Antares mission—designated "A-ONE"—rocketed away from Pad 0A at MARS and lofted a mass simulator of the Cygnus craft into an
orbit of 155-186 miles, inclined 51.6 degrees to the equator, providing a close analog for the opening minutes of a "real" ISS mission.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The enormous success of A-ONE proved a much-needed shot in the arm for Orbital, although initial hopes that ORB-D, the first flight of a "real" Cygnus on the COTS test flight to the ISS, might be attempted as soon as June-July 2013 proved
shortsighted. One of the AJ-26 engines on the second Antares required replacement and testing and substantial traffic of visiting cargo craft from other nations to the space station in the June-August timeframe—including Europe's Automated Transfer Vehicle
(ATV)-4 "Albert Einstein" and Japan's H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)-4 "Kounotori" ("White Stork")—produced a No Earlier Than (NET) launch target of mid-September for ORB-D and Cygnus.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
During the summer months, processing of both the Antares booster and Cygnus have entered high gear. Fueling of the cargo ship's unpressurized Service Module (SM) with hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide maneuvering and station-keeping propellant
was conducted at the V-55 Hypergolic Fueling Facility at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility between 15-19 April. Due to the highly volatile nature of both propellants, they were loaded several days apart, and attending technicians were required to wear Self-Contained
Environmental Protection Ensemble (SCAPE) "bunny suits." After the completion of fueling, Cygnus was transferred to the Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) for several months, ahead of installation atop Antares in late August.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In the meantime, the rocket's two stages had been mated in the HIF in July. In addition to the AJ-26-powered first stage, Antares' second stage is equipped with a Castor-30A engine, built by Alliant TechSystems. With a maximum thrust
of 89,000 pounds, this engine was originally part of the first stage of Orbital's Athena and Taurus I rockets and can trace its heritage back to the Peacekeeper missile. Both the A-ONE and Cygnus-1 missions will utilize the Castor-30A. An upgraded Castor-30B
motor will be introduced for the first dedicated CRS mission of Cygnus—which may fly as soon as December 2013—and a "stretched" Castor-XL to boost payload capacity from 4,400 pounds to almost 6,000 pounds is expected to power the final five cargo missions
in 2014-2016.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Rollout of the Antares/ORB-D vehicle, in a horizontal position, to Pad 0A began at 2:30 a.m. EDT Friday, 13 September,and, after a journey of almost a mile from the HIF to the pad, the giant rocket was "hard down" and vertical at the
launch complex by 1 p.m. The entire rollout procedure was performed by the Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL), which also interfaces Antares with the Pad 0A support utilities. Orbital's Chairman and CEO David Thompson lauded the successful rollout as "the
final steps leading up to next week's launch" and noted that the ORB-D mission marked "the completion of a five-year journey that NASA and our company embarked on in 2008 to create a new medium-class rocket, a sophisticated logistics spacecraft, and a world-class
launch site at the Wallops Flight Facility."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Cygnus is a two-piece spacecraft, comprising a Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM)—built by Thales Alenia Space and based in design upon the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLMs) used for cargo delivery flights by the shuttle—and Orbital's
own home-built Service Module (SM). The former will transport around 1,200 pounds of cargo to the ISS and bring about 2,200 pounds of trash away for a destructive re-entry in the atmosphere. Electrical power for Cygnus comes from a pair of gallium arsenide
solar arrays, which produce a total of 4 kW.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Assuming that no weather or technical problems conspire to delay Wednesday's planned launch, the Antares/Cygnus flight controllers will receive their "Call to Stations" at around 3 a.m. EDT. By about three hours ahead of the scheduled
liftoff time, the process of chilling-down the fuel lines of the rocket's first stage with liquid nitrogen will commence, ahead of the fueling process. As noted by AmericaSpace's Launch Tracker in the run-up to April's A-ONE mission, this chill-down protocol
serves to "prevent a shock to the equipment being hit by a rapid temperature change which could cause a catastrophic failure."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Finally, the Antares/Cygnus launch team will be polled for its final recommendation. In the minutes after the "Go" call, the first propellants will begin flowing into the AJ-26 engines' fuel lines. This loading process is critically
timed to begin 90 minutes ahead of liftoff, due to time limits associated with the rapid boil-off of the cryogenic propellants. The final poll of the launch team will occur in a two-step process, beginning shortly after 10:20 a.m. EDT, and the 75-minute fueling
operation should conclude at about 10:35 a.m., with propellants at Flight Ready levels. Three minutes later, the final "Go for Launch" will be received, the vehicle and payload will transfer to internal power, and the Transporter Erector Launcher will be armed
to execute a rapid retraction at the instant of liftoff.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
With five minutes remaining on the clock, Antares' Flight Termination System (FTS)—tasked with destroying the vehicle in the event of a major accident during ascent—will be armed, and at T-3 minutes and 30 seconds the Terminal Count
will get underway. The rocket's autosequencer will assume primary control of all vehicle critical functions, commanding all events up to the ignition of the twin AJ-26 engines at T-2 seconds. Under careful computer control, the engines will ramp up to full
power, producing a liftoff at 10:50 a.m.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Shortly after clearing the Pad 0A tower, Antares will execute a pitch and roll program maneuver to establish it onto the proper flight azimuth. Maximum aerodynamic turbulence will be encountered 80 seconds into the flight, and the AJ-26
engines will continue to burn hot and hard until they finally shut down about four minutes after launch. By now, the vehicle will have reached an altitude of almost 70 miles and the first stage will separate, leaving the Castor-30A-powered second stage and
Cygnus to coast for two minutes, prior to jettisoning the bullet-like payload shroud. Ignition of the Castor-30A should occur about at 10:56 a.m., burning for 2.5 minutes and providing a final push to insert the cargo ship into a low-Earth orbit, inclined
51.6 degrees to the equator.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Separation of Cygnus from the second stage will occur about ten minutes into the mission. Like SpaceX's Dragon COTS Demonstration Mission, back in May 2012, Orbital's ORB-D mission will see Cygnus deploy its solar arrays and appendages
and execute a complex series of orbit-raising and "phasing" maneuvers to bring it into the vicinity of the ISS. Despite Orbital's decision to effect a 24-hour launch postponement, rendezvous of ORB-D with the space station is still scheduled for 22 September,
four days into the mission. During rendezvous, Cygnus will demonstrate its ability to "hold" its position at specific distances, before entering the Keep-Out Sphere (KOS), a virtual zone extending about 660 feet around the ISS to prevent collisions. The spacecraft
will proceed gradually to a distance of about 33 feet. It will then be grappled by the 57-foot-long Canadarm2 and berthed onto the "nadir" (Earth-facing) port of the Harmony node.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
At the time of Cygnus's scheduled arrival, the station's Expedition 37 crew will consist of just three members—Commander Fyodor Yurchikhin of Russia, together with Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano and NASA's Karen Nyberg—although three
others are due to arrive on 25/26 September aboard Soyuz TMA-10M. Cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergei Ryazansky and NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins will boost the ISS population back up to its normal, six-member strength, and among their early work will be the lengthy
process of entering and unloading cargo from Cygnus.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
As detailed by Frank Culbertson, Orbital's Executive Vice President and General Manager of the Advanced Projects Group, at a 4 September briefing at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas, Cygnus will remain berthed at the
ISS for "approximately 30 days." Its departure from the station is anticipated on about 22 October. Culbertson—a former astronaut, who commanded Expedition 3 in August-December 2001 and was the only U.S. citizen off the planet at the time of the 9/11 terrorist
attacks on New York and Washington, D.C.—explained that all aspects of Orbital's capability will be evaluated on the ORB-D mission. "It is truly a demonstration mission," he said, "where we're demonstrating all phases of what we're required to do in our contract."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Culbertson noted that around 1,500 pounds of payload had already been loaded aboard Cygnus by 4 September, with the remaining 350 pounds to follow by the weekend of 7/8 September, demonstrating an operational ability to accomplish the
"late loading" of supplies ahead of launch. He also added that Orbital is targeting its first dedicated cargo mission under the CRS contract—dubbed "ORB-1?—to launch about 47 days after the departure the ORB-D demonstration mission. That places Orbital's first
CRS mission in the second week of December, although the most recent NASA manifest has SpaceX's CRS-3 Dragon mission also scheduled for 9 December. Last month, however, it was reported that the SpaceX flight would be postponed until mid-January 2014, allowing
Cygnus to fly both its ORB-D and ORB-1 missions before the end of the year. Looking forward into 2014, according to <a href="http://NASASpaceflight.com">NASASpaceflight.com</a>, ORB-2 is currently scheduled for launch in May, followed by ORB-3 in October.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In Honor of David: Astronaut who inspired Orbital's first Cygnus mission<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Ben Evans - <a href="http://AmericaSpace.com"><a href="http://AmericaSpace.com">AmericaSpace.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Only days remain before the scheduled 18 September launch of the first Cygnus cargo mission to the International Space Station by Orbital Sciences Corp. Liftoff of the second Antares booster, which follows hard on the heels of April's
test flight, will occur from Pad 0A at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Va., and is expected to deliver Cygnus on a month-long journey to the multi-national orbiting outpost. Last week, Orbital tweeted that it was naming the first
Cygnus craft in honor of former senior executive and three-time shuttle astronaut G. David Low. As part of AmericaSpace's coverage of this important mission for Orbital, this weekend's history articles will focus on the larger-than-life character, legacy,
and space missions of Low, who died in 2008.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
George David Low spent his early childhood literally growing up as the early pages of the space exploration story were being written, for his father was NASA Deputy Administrator George Low, one of the key movers and shakers in America's
bid to land a man on the Moon. During the 1960s and early 1970s, the elder Low was intimately involved in the planning of Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo, and he later headed the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office in Houston, Texas, forming part of the
team which committed Apollo 8 to the audacious goal of orbiting the Moon. He later served as Deputy Administrator and Acting Administrator of NASA in the 1969-76 timeframe and saw his son, David, admitted into the agency's astronaut corps in May 1984, only
to die two months later in July 1984. Sadly, both father and son would ultimately succumb to cancer in their 50s.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
David Low was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on 19 February 1956. As a child, he was fascinated by the promise of science and announced his intention to someday become an astronaut when he was only 9 years old. He entered Washington & Lee
University to study physics and engineering and graduated in 1978, then took a master's degree in physics and engineering at Cornell University in 1980 and a second master's—this time in aeronautics and astronautics—from Stanford in 1983. During this period,
Low worked in the Spacecraft Systems Engineering Section of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif., working on the systems engineering design of the Galileo spacecraft the Mars Geoscience/Climatology Orbiter (later renamed "Mars Observer").<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Selected as a shuttle mission specialist candidate in May 1984, as part of the 10th class of NASA astronauts, Low was one of the youngest ever selected, aged just 28. One of his contemporaries from this class was Frank Culbertson—who
is today Orbital's executive vice president and general manager of the Advanced Programs Group, which includes Cygnus—and he once described Low as "more academic than the rest of us," but admitted that the young man was a good operator and a skilled mechanic
who worked on cars, but understood the physics behind them and communicated this understanding well. Described by United Press International as "an intense young astronaut" and "a man not given to frivolity," Low would admit that the influence of his father
had represented a yardstick by which he measured his own life and how he treated others.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A year after entering the hallowed ranks of NASA, Low became an astronaut in June 1985 and worked on the shuttle's Remote Manipulator System (RMS) mechanical arm, its EVA hardware, and the testing and checkout of the orbiters themselves
at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Fla. In the aftermath of the Challenger disaster, he served as one of the Capcoms in Mission Control during the STS-26 Return to Flight mission. In November 1988, Low was assigned as a Mission Specialist for his first shuttle
flight, STS-32. One of his key roles on the 10-day mission was to deploy the U.S. Navy's Syncom 4-5 communications satellite from Columbia's payload bay, and he would also play an important role in the retrieval of NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF)
after almost six years in orbit.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Launch of STS-32 was originally scheduled for 18 December 1989, which would have carried the mission over the Christmas period for the first time in the shuttle era. This fact evidently played so much on the minds of the crew that they
privately organised an impromptu crew portrait to be taken, in which they posed in Santa suits, hats, and dark glasses. Fortunately, their NASA name tags at least made them identifiable. (Unfortunately, problems with getting Pad 39A ready for its first launch
in almost four years resulted in a delay until 8 January 1990, so the Santa joke fell flat.)<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Since the return to flight of STS-26, most missions had lasted around five days, but STS-32 was to break this cycle by approaching the 10-day and seven-hour duration record set by the STS-9 crew in December 1983. (The press kit reported
that the flight was to last nine days and 21 hours.) Although the deployment of Syncom and the retrieval of LDEF would consume only the first three days and did not specifically require a lengthy mission, NASA wanted to exercise the opportunity to demonstrate
the shuttle's capabilities, because it planned to modify Columbia for flights lasting up to a month.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Processing of the orbiter involved modifications to support the longer mission. A fifth set of cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen tanks were installed underneath the orbiter's payload bay floor, and by the end of November 1989 the shuttle
had been rolled out to Pad 39A, marking the first use of this launch complex since Mission 61C, two weeks before the loss of Challenger. After a delay until 8 January to finish work on the pad, the weather became the next issue. At length, the STS-32 crew
roared into orbit at 7:35 a.m. EST on 9 January.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Early the next morning, about 25 hours after launch, Syncom was released as Columbia flew high above Africa. Low radioed to Mission Control that the deployment looked good. A few minutes later, Commander Dan Brandenstein and Pilot Jim
Wetherbee performed a separation manoeuvre to create a safe distance before the first engine burn. Syncom's manufacturer, Hughes, was exceptionally pleased with the performance of their product. "It was as good as you can get," said spokesman Tom Bracken.
"Everything looks great." A series of maneuvers by the satellite's own propulsion system were required to achieve its "slot" in 22,300-mile geostationary orbit.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
With the successful deployment behind them, the crew turned their attention to the LDEF retrieval. At the time of their launch, they trailed the satellite by about 1,600 miles and, being lower, were closing at about 40 miles per orbit.
Three flawless maneuvers were performed by the pilots on the 9th and 10th to reduce this distance, and on the morning of the 12th the crew was awakened by Mission Control to the music of Bring it Home, set to the melody of Let it Snow. Under the deft control
of Mission Specialist Bonnie Dunbar, LDEF was successfully captured and berthed in Columbia's payload bay, whilst Mission Specialist Marsha Ivins photo-documented the condition of the giant satellite.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Scientific experiments consumed the remainder of the mission, with Low focusing on a series of protein crystal growth studies on the orbiter's middeck. As landing loomed on 19 January, it became clear that STS-32 would secure a new endurance
record for the shuttle program. Ironically, at one stage, it appeared that the flight might end early, for overcast skies and the risk of snow flurries at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., had left the dry lakebed Runway 17 potentially too soft to support Columbia's
mammoth 227,000-pound return weight with LDEF aboard. The danger of controllability problems on the runway obliged NASA to switch to concrete Runway 22, but the presence of LDEF shifted the orbiter's center of gravity "forward," meaning that without deft handling
of the vehicle, the nose gear might slap down too hard onto the ground.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Snow at Edwards on the 19th put paid to the first attempt to land and produced a 24-hour delay. Columbia had sufficient consumables to remain in orbit until the 22nd—producing a record 13-day flight—if necessary. STS-32 could have landed
at KSC, but NASA preferred the wide expanse of Edwards' runways and the margins of safety they offered for the heavyweight mission. As circumstances transpired, Columbia soared through the pre-dawn darkness and alighted on Edwards' Runway 22 at 1:35 a.m. PST
(4:35 a.m. EST) on 20 January, after a mission of 10 days and 21 hours. David Low had contributed to breaking the shuttle endurance record … on his very first flight.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Aged just 33 in January 1990, Low formed part of the STS-32 crew which deployed an important communications satellite for the U.S. Navy, retrieved NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) from orbit, and also set a new shuttle endurance
record of almost 11 days in space. Four months later, in May, he was assigned as a Mission Specialist to the STS-43, which would itself expand considerably in duration. Joining Low on the scheduled five-day flight were Commander John Blaha, Pilot Mike Baker,
and Mission Specialists Shannon Lucid and Jim Adamson, tasked with the deployment of NASA's fifth Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-E).<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
As the shuttle program gained momentum in the late 1970s, it was envisaged that a pair of these powerful satellites—one stationed over the equator, just off the northeastern corner of Brazil, known as "TDRS-East," and a second over the
central Pacific Ocean, near the Phoenix Islands, known as "TDRS-West"—would fill an urgent communications and tracking need. TDRS-A was launched in April 1983, but was almost lost when its Boeing-built Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) failed to insert it into its
proper orbit. Only by using the satellite's own hydrazine thrusters were controllers able to gradually maneuver it into its final "East" location, although its operational lifetime was shortened. Ongoing problems with the IUS meant that it was almost three
years before the "West" satellite, TDRS-B, could be launched … and that was the primary payload aboard the ill-fated final flight of Challenger. Two more TDRS satellites (C and D) were launched in September 1988 and March 1989. Unfortunately, TDRS-C also succumbed
to anomalies which affected its Ku-band relay capability. The TDRS-E satellite would therefore be positioned at 175 degrees West, to serve as the primary communications provider over the Pacific from October 1991.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Hydrogen leaks endured by the shuttle fleet in the summer of 1990 had already pushed STS-43's launch date back from May 1991 until the mid-summer. Then, technical problems with Discovery in early 1991 caused STS-43 to be shifted onto
her sister ship, Atlantis. In the meantime, Discovery had already been manifested to deploy the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in late 1991 and, in March, NASA announced that the switch "preserved the agency's capability" to fly UARS during a critical
"science window" in September-November. Postponed for several days from late July, STS-43 and Atlantis finally launched at 11:02 a.m. EDT on 2 August 1991.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A little over six hours into the mission, the five astronaut successfully deployed TDRS-E, which was numerically renamed "TDRS-5? upon injection into geostationary orbit. With their primary objective accomplished, the crew turned to
a battery of medical, scientific, and technological experiments. Originally, STS-43 was baselined as a five-day flight, but in late 1990 was almost doubled to nine days in order to focus on an intensive program of biomedical and other research. This program
was highlighted by the unusual shape of the STS-43 mission patch: it resembled a flat-bottomed, conical-bodied Erlenmeyer laboratory flask, whilst also paying homage to the shape of Alan Shepard's Mercury capsule, which had launched 40 years earlier.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
David Low was a central player in the operation of experiments into protein crystal growth, polymer membrane processing, combustion science research, and liquid-to-liquid diffusion in microgravity. The Earth's aurorae were observed and
measurements of space acceleration on delicate experiments were taken. Feasibility studies were also carried out to evaluate fiber-optic technology for video and audio communications between the shuttle's payload bay and cabin.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Low had already helped to break new ground for the shuttle on his first flight in January 1990, by exceeding the program's endurance record, and with STS-43 his crew became the first post-Challenger crew to be scheduled to land at the
Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Fla., as their primary site. Although STS-38 and STS-39 had landed in Florida, they did so only because weather conditions at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., had proven unsatisfactory. NASA's improved sense of confidence had led
to a move to place Edwards into "reserve" status for the first time in the post-Challenger era and was seen as a key step in moving from a sense of over-conservatism to fully-flexible shuttle operations.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In the early summer of 1991, the decision by NASA's then-Associate Administrator for Space Flight Bill Lenoir to resume landings at KSC aroused great criticism, with many engineers and managers arguing that shuttles should continue to
land at Edwards until "tougher tyres" had been fitted and tested. Damage endured by STS-39's tires after touching down in a crosswind on 6 May 1991 raised further concern. Even Shuttle Program Manager Bob Crippen insisted that KSC landings would only be approved
if strict rules were met, and in the weeks before the launch of STS-43 he announced publicly that it was "likely" that Atlantis would be directed instead to Edwards.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Ultimately, conditions in Florida were perfect, and on 11 August 1991 Blaha and Baker guided their ship smoothly onto Runway 15, touching down at 8:23 a.m. EDT. The next mission, STS-48 with UARS in September, would go a step further
by attempting to land at KSC in darkness, but Crippen remained cautious. "We're still going to land at Edwards," he told journalists. "The weather is going to end up dictating that. I'm budgeting for about 60 percent of the flights landing at Edwards and 40
percent at KSC." By the end of the shuttle era, in July 2011, Crippen' 60-40 prediction had proven accurate … but fell in favor of KSC, rather than Edwards: out of the 133 missions which successfully landed, a total of 78 touched down in Florida, 54 at Edwards,
and a single flight at White Sands, N.M.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
For David Low, landing from STS-43 would bring about a rapid reassignment to his third shuttle flight. In February 1992, he was named as Payload Commander for STS-57, which would bring his astronaut career full-circle by demonstrating
virtually all of the shuttle's myriad capabilities: scientific research in the first commercial Spacehab laboratory module, rendezvous and retrieval of the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) free-flyer, and a dramatic spacewalk. Less conspicuously—but also
important—STS-57 marked the first occasion on which a civilian woman spacefarer (Janice Voss) flew into orbit alongside a military woman spacefarer (Nancy Sherlock).<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Launched at 9:07 a.m. EDT on 21 June 1993, STS-57 immediately commenced its chase of EURECA, which had been in orbit for 10 months. In command of the mission was astronaut Ron Grabe, who today also works for Orbital Sciences Corp. as
Executive Vice President and General Manager of the Launch Systems Group. With Grabe at Endeavour's controls, early on 24 June, David Low extended the RMS mechanical arm and grappled the satellite for berthing in the payload bay. Although EURECA's solar arrays
successfully folded up, its two antennas, which should have automatically retracted and latched, failed to close. A spacewalk by Low and fellow Mission Specialist Jeff Wisoff was already planned on 25 June, and it was decided to utilize part of that EVA to
tend to the problem.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
At the time of Low's assignment to STS-57, a spacewalk was not planned, but in the aftermath of the Intelsat-603 repair mission NASA decided in November 1992 to add EVAs to as many shuttle flights as possible, in order to build an experience
base in the Astronaut Corps. In mid-February 1993, an EVA was formally added to STS-57, in which Low and Wisoff would spend four hours outside "to refine training methods for spacewalks, expand the EVA experience levels of astronauts, flight controllers, and
instructors, and aid in better understanding the differences between true microgravity and the ground simulations used in training."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
After an otherwise smooth mission, the EVA added yet more drama to STS-57. It ran to five hours and 50 minutes, with Mission Specialist Sherlock positioning Low on the RMS to latch EURECA's stubborn antennas in place. Uniquely for a
shuttle flight, the crew had first to seal off the Spacehab module, through whose tunnel hatch Low and Wisoff egressed and ingressed the shuttle. Subsequent investigation revealed no pressure loss from Spacehab during the EVA, although it may have induced
an event which scared the daylights out of the other four crew members in the cabin.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"All of a sudden, it was if somebody took the orbiter and hit it with a bulldozer," recalled Pilot Brian Duffy in his NASA oral history interview. "The whole vehicle shook. It got quiet on the flight deck and we thought maybe we were
hit by something. We looked outside and didn't see any damage." Mission Control also saw nothing amiss. The most likely explanation was that residual forces had built up on the ground in the struts holding the Spacehab tunnel in place and had "released" to
create a "ring" through the vehicle. When Low and Wisoff returned inside the cabin, they reported that they had felt nothing. "They didn't have clue," said Duffy, "but if they'd looked inside at that time, they would have seen eight big eyes!"<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Landing at KSC on 1 July 1993, after ten days in orbit, David Low's career as a spaceflying astronaut came to its conclusion. However, his subsequent contributions to the Astronaut Office were profound. Later that year, he served as
a member of the Russian Integration Team, which worked in Crystal City, Va., to define the transition from Space Station Freedom to a new concept, known as the International Space Station (ISS), which would draw in post-Soviet Russia as a full partner. In
1994, Low was head of the EVA Integration and Operations Office and later worked in NASA's Legislative Affairs Office, liaising directly with Congress on the agency's aerospace programs. In February 1996, Low departed NASA for a career with Orbital Sciences
in Dulles, Va.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
He served for a decade as Vice President of Safety and Mission Assurance for Orbital's Launch Systems Group and in 2006 became Senior Vice President and Program Manager for the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program—the
program which will culminate next week with the first launch of a Cygnus cargo ship to the space station. He was described as "a primary architect" for Orbital's COTS endeavor and, as a human being, was labeled "an extraordinarily inspiring and thoughtful
leader, extremely talented engineer, and a courageous space explorer."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Under Low's inspirational leadership, Orbital was guided through the process of becoming a partner with NASA, tasked to commercially resupply the ISS. In December 2008, the space agency awarded a $1.9 billion Commercial Resupply Services
(CRS) contract to Orbital to stage eight missions and deliver upwards of 44,000 pounds of equipment, payloads, and supplies to the station's crew.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Sadly, although Low lived long enough to see NASA declare Orbital one of the COTS winners on 19 February 2008, he did not survive to see his labors reach fruition. He died of colon cancer at the Reston Hospital Center on 15 March 2008,
aged just 52. In the years after his death, Orbital moved through a tortuous process of getting its new Antares launch vehicle ready for its maiden voyage and readying the Cygnus cargo ship for its first flight. In April 2013, more than a year later than planned,
Antares triumphantly rocketed away from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Va., clearing the way for the COTS demo mission by Cygnus on 18 September. Assuming next week's Cygnus test flight is a success, the COTS flight will leave
Orbital in pole position for its first dedicated cargo flight.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
On Wednesday, it can be hoped that watching from above, with pride, will be George David Low. On 4 September 2013, Orbital touchingly tweeted that the first Cygnus mission would be named "The David Low," in honor of "our late colleague,
friend, and NASA astronaut." As if to sum up his career, we are reminded of a handful of words uttered by Low in the days preceding his first shuttle mission, STS-32, back in January 1990: "I guess I'll be very, very happy," he said, "if we can get the wheels
stopped and I haven't screwed anything up." In a 12-year career with NASA and three flights aboard the most complex human spacecraft ever built, Low never screwed up. In a subsequent 12-year career with Orbital, Low never screwed up. And five years after his
untimely death, his legacy lives on.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Lynx space plane taking off: Q&A with XCOR Aerospace CEO Jeff Greason<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Govert Schilling - <a href="http://Space.com"><a href="http://Space.com">Space.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In an old World War II-era hangar here in this blistering-hot town, a passionate group of young aerospace engineers is building a private spaceship called Lynx. Developed by XCOR Aerospace, Lynx is the main competitor of Virgin Galactic's
SpaceShipTwo, built by Scaled Composites, also in Mojave.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Commercial flights of the Lynx space plane are expected to commence in 2015, mainly through the Dutch company Space Expedition Corporation.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://SPACE.com">SPACE.com</a> talked to XCOR's CEO Jeff Greason about the company, Lynx and the rise of private spaceflight. (This interview has been edited for length and clarity.)
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://SPACE.com">SPACE.com</a>: Can you tell me about the origin of XCOR?<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Jeff Greason: Ever since I saw Apollo 17 as a very young child, I have been interested in cheap transportation to space. It just never happened, despite the original promise of the space shuttle.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In 1999, stimulated by an earlier conference on space access, I decided to leave my IT job at Intel and start XCOR. Together with XCOR's co-founders, we interviewed the old hands and relearned how to design rocket engines. We decided
to focus on reusable and reignitable engines — something that hadn't been done since the 1940s. In 2000, our engine demonstration at another space access conference sparked the interest of our first investors.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://SPACE.com">SPACE.com</a>: What is the role of the Lynx in the development of commercial spaceflight?<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
JG: Eventually, we want to reach a fully reusable orbital system. But since there is no multi-giga-dollar funder around, it has been clear from the start that we would need one or more intermediate vehicles, to make our own money.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
That's where the suborbital Lynx comes in. We're offering flights for space tourists as well as for science payloads. History has shown that tying a new form of transportation to just one market is generally a bad idea. But of course
no one is very good at predicting which approach will turn out to be the most successful.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://SPACE.com">SPACE.com</a>: What about the competition? What sets XCOR apart?<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
JG: I prefer not to comment on other plans and practices. No one is carrying out commercial flights to space yet, so it's hard to say who the market leader is. But we are unusual in that we have put equal emphasis on both types of flights
— people and payloads — from the very start.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The other thing is: By design and by character, we are more low-key. Since 1999, we have seen a variety of companies enter and leave the field, but we're still here and we expect to be in this business for a long time. It's partly because
we try to keep our promises close to where we are. We are very aware of the fact that not every pretty long-term promise comes true. XCOR is the only company in this arena that is run by engineers.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://SPACE.com">SPACE.com</a>: What is the role of Space Expedition Corporation?<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
JG: XCOR plans to wet-lease the Lynx space plane to various operators [that is, hire out the vehicle with a crew]. Space Expedition Corporation (SCX) is the first in line. In fact, they are the general sales agent for space tourism space
tourism flights. So far, over 250 tickets have already been sold.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic has certainly helped to make the idea of space tourism an accepted part of popular culture — it's surprisingly well-known, given the current state of the industry. But we've always planned not to do
everything in-house. Like Boeing or Airbus, we just develop, build and test-fly the vehicles. We believe the market is better served when sales people do sales things, while rocket scientists do rocket science.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://SPACE.com">SPACE.com</a>: What is the current status of the Lynx project?<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
JG: Man, I'd like to know when it's done. We haven't had major setbacks, but things are taking longer than I like. We're in the tail end of building our first prototype. The propulsion system continues to improve. Major structures are
being built by subcontractors. The fuselage is done, but the cockpit and the strakes turn out to be complicated.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
We're now working toward a rollout in late 2013 or, more likely, early next year. As for the test phase, there's no way it will take less than six months. I certainly hope it won't take more than a year, but I can't promise anything.
Obviously, it depends on the problems we encounter over many dozens of test flights. Let's put it this way: The test phase will last as long as it lasts. Remember, we're engineers, not marketing people.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://SPACE.com">SPACE.com</a>: Your first flights won't reach 100 km (62 miles) altitude, and the Lynx has only room for one passenger. Is that a drawback for potential customers?<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
JG: Our Mark 1 prototype will fly to an altitude of some 65 kilometers [40 miles]. We had to put more weight in to solve certain problems. The first version of a new vehicle is always heavier — it's inevitable. But we say that from the
start. By the way, you'll hardly notice the difference.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
[The Lynx Mark 2, which lags behind the Mark 1 by about a year, will fly to 100 kilometers. According to SXC founder Harry van Hulten, most tickets have been sold for flights on the Mark 2.]<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
As for the solo flights, we believe it's an advantage. You're in the cockpit with the pilot, not in a cabin with five strangers. It's your flight, and the windows are bigger. Also, you don't have to deal with the possibility of other
passengers getting sick, and if you have to vomit yourself, you don't need to feel embarrassed.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://SPACE.com">SPACE.com</a>: What are your biggest worries?<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
JG: Of course I worry about everything, but there are no technological barriers anymore, just more work to do. My main concerns are: How long will it take, and what kind of problems will we encounter during the test flights? The only
things left are the unknown unknowns.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In fact, I ran out of ideas and inventions concerning the Lynx some six months ago. Right now, I have new problems to solve — we're very much working toward the goal of developing an orbital system.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A critical time for commercial launch providers<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Jeff Foust – The Space Review<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
For a time last week, it looked like we would be in the midst of an unusually concentrated period of critical launches. In the span of less than a week, four launches of new, nearly new, or returning to flight vehicles were on global
launch manifests: the inaugural launch of Japan's Epsilon small launch vehicle, the first launch of SpaceX's upgraded Falcon 9 v1.1, the second launch of Orbital Sciences Corporations Antares rocket carrying the first Cygnus cargo spacecraft, and the first
Proton launch since a dramatic launch failure in early July. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Launch manifests are subject to change, of course, and that's what happened. While the Epsilon launch went off on schedule, and successfully, on Saturday, Orbital slipped its Antares launch a day, from this Tuesday to Wednesday, while
the Falcon and Proton launches have been delayed until at least late this month. Nonetheless, all three upcoming launches remain critical in separate, but often interrelated, ways.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Cygnus prepares for flight<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
First up is Orbital's launch of its first Cygnus cargo spacecraft, on the second launch its medium-class Antares rocket. That rocket made its debut in April, launching a Cygnus mass simulator and several small satellites (see "Antares
rising", The Space Review, April 22, 2013). The focus on that launch was the launch vehicle, which performed to expectations. "It was a pretty remarkable inaugural launch. It was an extremely clean mission," said Orbital vice president Mark Pieczynski during
a panel session on launch vehicles during the AIAA Space 2013 conference last week in San Diego.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
This time around, the attention will be less on the launch vehicle than on its payload, the Cygnus spacecraft. Orbital developed Cygnus, along with Antares, as part of its Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) agreement with
NASA. A successful flight will close our Orbital's COTS agreement—as well as the overall COTS program, as SpaceX completed its COTS agreement last year—and allow Orbital to begin commercial cargo deliveries to the station as soon as this December.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
It is an ambitious mission. After launch, Cygnus will deploy its solar panels and undergo initial checkouts. Over the next several days, it will gradually maneuver close to the International Space Station (ISS), coming to within four
kilometers of the station before NASA gives the go-ahead to move in proximity to the ISS. Cygnus will eventually move to about 12 meters from the station, where, like SpaceX's Dragon and Japan's HTV, it will be grappled by the station's robotic arm and berthed
to the station. Cygnus will remain attached to the station for a month before the robotic arm detaches and releases the spacecraft, which will then perform a destructive reentry over the South Pacific Ocean. All of that is designed to be demonstrated on a
single test flight; by comparison, SpaceX flew two test flights of its Dragon spacecraft under its COTS agreement, with the second incorporating the milestones of a planned third test flight.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Orbital, aware of the complexity of the mission, is setting expectations accordingly. "Demonstration missions in space constitute a 'final exam,' in which all the design and Earth-based testing come together. Potential issues may be
encountered during the flight and the conduct of the maneuvers," the company states in materials about the mission. "If such issues are seen, Orbital and NASA will work together to evaluate the situation and develop a forward plan to complete the mission,
if possible, and if not, to maximize the return of engineering test data that will ensure the success of Orbital's first commercial resupply service mission."
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Still, there's confidence among company officials that Cygnus and Antares are ready to go. "We're ready. We're excited," said Orbital executive vice president Frank Culbertson during another AIAA Space 2013 panel session last week. "It's
a very exciting time for Orbital." <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A successful mission will not only allow Orbital to "graduate" from the COTS program and proceed with commercial resupply missions, but help build up a track record for the Antares rocket and win additional business for it. While Orbital's
plans for Antares predate the COTS program—it envisioned the rocket, then known as the Taurus II, to be a replacement for the Delta II—to date the only missions on its manifest are the COTS and Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) missions contracted with NASA.
The rocket is available for other missions under NASA and Air Force contract vehicles, Pieczynski said, as well as for commercial customers, but so far no additional missions have been announced for it.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"Our objective, our strategy at Orbital Sciences is to be the premier provider of small and medium launch in the US," Pieczynski said. That strategy, though, may put a particular emphasis on Antares going forward. While Orbital does
some missions for the US government using its Minotaur family of rockets—a Minotaur V launched NASA's LADEE lunar mission earlier this month—it currently has no missions manifested for its Pegasus XL and Taurus XL vehicles. Pieczynski said at AIAA Space 2013
that the company has submitted a proposal to an unspecified customer for a Pegasus XL launch and is "coming close to an opportunity in the commercial market" with the Taurus XL, which failed in its last two launches of NASA payloads.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"We're just going to rip that Band-Aid off"<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
While Orbital prepares for its second Antares launch from Virginia's Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, SpaceX is working across the country on the next launch of its Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. While
the Falcon 9 has launched five times already, dating back to June 2010 (see "The Falcon 9 flies", The Space Review, June 7, 2010), this launch will be the first for an upgraded version, designated the Falcon 9 v1.1, carrying the CASSIOPE technology demonstration
satellite for Canada. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The Falcon 9 v1.1 features a number of upgrades, most notably a stretched first stage and new Merlin 1D engines, enhancing its performance. SpaceX is also planning to relight a main engine after stage separation to try and slow down
the stage before splashdown enough to permit recovery, another test as part of SpaceX's ongoing efforts to develop a reusable version of the rocket.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
If those milestones weren't enough, the launch will be the first to use a new payload fairing on the rocket; the previous Falcon 9 launches all carried Dragon spacecraft that didn't require a fairing. The launch will also be the first
from SpaceX's new facility at Vandenberg. "We're trying a lot of things for the first time," said SpaceX commercial crew program manager Garrett Reisman at Space 2013 last week. "We're just going to rip that band-aid off and give it a shot."
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
At the time of last week's conference, that band-aid ripping, so to speak, was planned for the weekend. In a conference session Tuesday, SpaceX vice president Adam Harris said a static fire test of the Falcon 9—a final milestone before
launch—was slated for Wednesday, with launch to follow "in about a week." However, on Wednesday Reisman said the static fire test has been scrubbed that day, a move that would likely delay the launch into the next week.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The static fire test took place on Thursday, but in a tweet late Thursday night, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk said "some anomalies" had been detected in the test, so a launch date was still to be determined. In another tweet early Sunday, Musk
said another static test was needed. That test, plus the fact that the launch range at Vandenberg was reserved by the Air Force for missile tests, means that the launch has been pushed back to September 29 or 30, he said. Neither Musk nor SpaceX have disclosed
the issues with the earlier static fire test that caused the postponement. <o:p>
</o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The upgraded Falcon 9 is important for SpaceX not just for its future CRS missions—the improved performance will allow it to carry more cargo to the station—but also to win additional launch business. The next Falcon 9 launch after CASSIOPE
will be its first to carry a commercial communications satellite to geosynchronous orbit, a market that still constitutes the bulk of the commercial launch demand. It's also a market that, until SpaceX's entry, has been largely limited to European and Russian
launchers in recent years. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"At SpaceX, our goal is to win those launches and do them from US soil," Harris said at the conference. SpaceX does have a backlog of commercial launches, both to geosynchronous and other orbits, but at the moment it appears commercial
customers are awaiting the outcome of the upcoming Falcon 9 launches. At a satellite industry meeting in Paris last week, Arianespace announced orders for five commercial launches, and even Lockheed Martin announced a rare commercial order for the Atlas V.
SpaceX announced no launch orders. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Proton's return<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Another company that left Paris last week without any announcements of new launch orders is International Launch Services (ILS), the US-based, Russian-owned company that markets the Proton launch vehicle to commercial customers. Unlike
SpaceX, which is attempting to demonstrate an essentially new launch vehicle, ILS is faced with the challenge of proving to commercial customers it has resolved the quality issues that have dogged the Proton in the last few years.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The latest, and most visible, Proton failure took place in early July, when a Proton rocket lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, only to veer off course seconds later. The rocket flew sideways for a moment, then turned toward the
earth, crashing a half minute after liftoff. The rocket's payload, three GLONASS navigation satellites for the Russian government, were destroyed.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
An investigation into the launch failure determined that the root cause was the improper installation of three yaw angular rate sensors, which, according to some reports, were placed in the rocket upside down. ILS concurred with the
results of the Russian investigation, and announced a return to flight carrying a commercial Satellite, Astra 2E for SES, on the night of September 16.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Late last week, though, ILS postponed the launch, stating that engineers reported an "out of tolerance" reading with the rocket's first stage. A new launch date hasn't been set, but Russian media reports indicate that the launch would
be postponed to late this month or early next month. (Some Russian reports also suggested that, even without the technical issue, the launch could have been postponed at the behest of Kazakh officials, who want the cleanup from the July failure completed before
another Proton launch takes place.) <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In the meantime, Khrunichev, the Russian company that manufactures the Proton and owns ILS, is taking steps to improve its quality control processes. Speaking at AIAA Space 2013, ILS's Ben Muniz said those steps include analyses of quality
processes and additional audits within Khrunichev, a review of additional training and recertification requirements, and the formation of a "telemetry analysis group" to analyze trends in telemetry from recent Proton launches. In addition, ILS has created
a new position of vice president of mission assurance and product development, naming Kirk Pysher, formerly with Sea Launch, to that position. He will be "a single point of focus" for quality issues, Muniz said.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"The Russians do understand quality," Muniz said, noting that Khrunichev is certified to the "Russian equivalent" of AS9100, a quality management standard widely used by Western aerospace companies, but that they do things differently
than American or European companies. He added that there are limits in how much ILS, a US company, can assist Khrunichev on launch vehicle quality issues because of ITAR.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
So, while all the action might not be concentrated to a single week, this week and the next few will provide several opportunities for companies to prove, or prove again, their launch capabilities, with implications for the commercial
market and NASA. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
NASA's Asteroid-in-a-Bag Recipe<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Michael Lemonick - The New Yorker Magazine<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
(Lemonick is a senior staff writer at Climate Central and lecturer at Princeton University; his most recent book is "Mirror Earth.")<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"It's not as crazy as it seemed at the beginning," Charles Elachi, the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, told the Washington Post, about NASA's latest plan for
a splashy, manned flight to outer space. NASA, you see, would like to to put an asteroid in a bag.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The goal of the endeavor, whose title is the Asteroid Redirect Mission, is for NASA to find a chunk of space rock of perhaps twenty or thirty feet across, then send a robotic
spacecraft to capture the asteroid in what is described, vaguely, as a "high-strength bag." (The size of the asteroid, Paul Chodas, of the agency's Near Earth Object Program, said, "is dictated by the size of the bag.") The craft would tow its catch toward
Earth and set it into orbit around the moon, where it would move slowly enough for astronauts to mount it. Finally, astronauts would rendezvous with the asteroid, chipping off pieces for further study.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The idea for the mission resulted from a series of brainstorming sessions held by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Pasadena, California, and the Keck Institute for Space Studies,
at Caltech, located just a few miles away. Scientists and engineers at both institutions worked through the more outlandish aspects of the plan to come up with a report showing how it might plausibly be done.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
NASA is interested for several reasons. First, the project would give a boost to the ongoing search for asteroids that wander relatively close to Earth, which Tad Friend has
written about for the magazine. If a sizable one were to strike the planet, it would do catastrophic damage: it is generally believed that in 1908, a rock less than two hundred feet across exploded over a desolate area of Siberia with the force of a hundred
and eighty of the bombs used at Hiroshima; an asteroid that size hits Earth about once every three hundred years, according to astronomers. NASA has tracked ten thousand near-Earth objects of various sizes, and looking for asteroids small enough to be captured
for the redirect mission would undoubtedly lead to the discovery of bigger, potentially more-threatening objects.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
If we did find an asteroid headed for Earth, we'd want to nudge it into a slightly different orbit, turning a direct hit into a near miss. While a large, potentially dangerous
asteroid wouldn't fit into any bag that engineers could conceivably build, the experimental rocket motors NASA wants to use—Hall Effect electric propulsion motors, which are so efficient that they can operate for months without turning off—would be useful
in an asteroid-redirection mission of more gargantuan proportions. The capture mission would thus be a small-scale test for a potentially world-saving mission, like the ones depicted in movies like "Armageddon" and "Deep Impact."
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The capture mission would also give U.S. astronauts somewhere to go, which may actually be NASA's biggest motivation. Back in the nineteen-sixties, we had a clear destination:
in May of 1961, John F. Kennedy declared that we would send a man to the moon and return him safely to Earth by the end of the decade. In July of 1969, we did it.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
But like the proverbial dog chasing a car with no thought about what he'll do with if he catches it, the U.S. had no clear follow-up plan—and, because the real reason for the
moon landings was to demonstrate our technological superiority to that of the rest of the world, there wasn't any great urgency to find one—we built a small space station, called Skylab, then abandoned it. We then built space shuttles to carry astronauts into
low-earth orbit, although there's little there to explore. The shuttles were their own destination, essentially a set of temporary space stations where astronauts did experiments and then came home, except for the fourteen who died in the Challenger and Columbia
disasters. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Ultimately, aside from several remarkable missions on which astronauts repaired and upgraded the Hubble Space Telescope, the shuttles were mostly employed for building the
International Space Station. Since the last shuttle was retired, in 2011, the U.S. hasn't even had a way to get people into space—we rent seats on Russian launches. "What you are seeing," said John Logsdon, the founder of the Space Policy Institute at George
Washington University, in a conference call on August 30th, "is really the residual of forty years of failure to reach consensus on what the U.S. should be doing in space and, in particular, human space flight."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
It's not for lack of trying. The first President Bush proposed a series of missions, first to the moon and then on to Mars, in 1989, but Congress ultimately decided that the
plan was too expensive. In 2004, the second President Bush proposed a return to the moon, but President Obama cancelled it, again owing to the expense. NASA continues to work on the Orion capsule, a successor to the Apollo modules of the late sixties and early
seventies, as well as on the Space Launch System rocket, which would take Orion into space.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
But Orion still has nowhere to go. As crazy it may sound, bagging an asteroid and dragging it to Earth might still be one of the most realistic missions U.S. astronauts have
to look forward to.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
End of WWII Model Shakes Up Aerospace Industry<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Jim Cantrell - Space News (Opinion)<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
(Cantrell is president and chief executive of Strategic Space Development, an aerospace and technology consulting firm based in Tucson, Ariz.)<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Efforts undertaken to arm the United States to fight as part of World War II are almost beyond criticism in American politics. It may be surprising to many of us then that
the policies and efforts employed over 70 years ago still affect our industry today and are in many ways at the heart of the current malaise that is plaguing our domestic aerospace industry. 
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Following World War I, the military was anxious to demobilize its forces rapidly as it had done after every war in the past. By 1920, many Americans clearly sought a return
to quieter times and more traditional values. Politicians were also weary and carried their constituents' sentiments to the House floor. The result was two decades of meager investment in military readiness and technology. During this period, the U.S. military
relied upon advances in the commercial industry at large and adopted advances in aviation and electronics to meet its mission requirements as little military-funded technology development was to be had. 
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
On the eve of U.S. involvement in World War II, with war already raging in Europe, the U.S. military began rearming and supplying its allies in Europe to win against a technologically
superior German army and air force. The priority for military funding in the early 1940s was building enough armaments to meet the challenge from Nazi Germany. As the war progressed, new military thinking emerged to develop technology as a response to German
war technologies and their effectiveness on the battlefield. While sheer numbers of tanks, soldiers, planes and logistics eventually won the war in Europe, the development of the atomic bomb, radar, the jet engine, ballistic missiles and supersonic aircraft
are legacies of World War II technology developments that would shape the next 65 years of government spending.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
It's hard to imagine today the sheer magnitude of the industrial efforts to manufacture armaments to meet our needs in the World War II theater. Automobile factories ceased
manufacturing passenger cars in order to free up capacity to manufacture tanks, aircraft and weaponry on behalf of the federal government. Every industrial capacity that could be used by the U.S. government for war materiel production was employed. The government,
for all intents and purposes, commandeered U.S. industry to win the war in Europe and Asia.  Given the Great Depression that preceded this era, nobody complained about having jobs and income to feed their families while the nation was at war. U.S. government
debt rose, as a fraction of gross domestic product, to historic levels to fund this expanded production to levels comparable to what we see today.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
After the war ended, the industrial capacity was converted back to civilian production. However, the scientific treasure recovered from Nazi Germany coupled with the evolving
geopolitical threat from the Soviet Union fueled military-funded technology development. This had the effect of leaving a portion of the industrial conversion permanently in place. Companies such as Hughes and General Electric maintained a large postwar research-and-development
(R&D) base to develop new weapons systems to remain one step ahead of the Soviets. In this sense, the industrial policy of the World War II U.S. military never really ended but evolved to fit the Cold War. NASA sprang into existence to contest the Soviets'
dominance in the exploration of space. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
This unprecedented level of funding continued unabated through three more decades. Its final crescendo was the Reagan military buildup of the 1980s, when missile defense was
developed and the nation rearmed in a manner reminiscent of World War II. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In 1991, the Soviet Union finally collapsed and this really ended the raison d'etre for the World War II industrial model that was again employed during the Reagan era. Saddam
Hussein and his Iraqi army became the eventual and unfortunate recipient of a generation of weapons designed to destroy the Soviet army, adding an exclamation point to this period of history.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
For the two decades following the demise of the Soviet Union, government funding struggled to find justification without the clear and present danger of an enemy such as the
Soviets. The nation found that enemy on Sept. 11, 2001, and a new round of spending ensued. However, the United States had already piled up an enormous debt by this point in history and the two simultaneous Middle East wars ran up trillions of dollars in additional
debt that the nation could ill afford. The prosecution of the Iraq and Afghan wars continued and new technology funding flowed unabated until 2008, when a burgeoning private debt crisis that eerily mirrored the government debt crisis exploded and plunged the
nation into an economic crisis not seen since the Great Depression. Many of us in the industry sensed that something fundamental was about to change when this crisis broke, but few of us appreciated the profound change that it was bringing.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The economic crisis that has plagued the nation for five years now has finally broken the U.S. World War II industrial model of government-commercial collaboration. The U.S.
government is experiencing unprecedented budget deficits and can ill afford to continue spending vast amounts of money it does not have on new technology development. The dreaded term "sequestration" and the budget austerity that it implies are a force here
to stay for at least a decade.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Natural sociological and economic forces are forcing NASA and the defense technology complex to return to the model they had prior to World War II in which government-funded
R&D was indeed sparse. As before World War II, the U.S. government will be forced to rely upon inventors and technology developed in the private sector and adopted to the military and government needs.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Without casting judgment on the policies of the past, World War II and the extended Cold War that followed turned the natural economic order and U.S. industrial model upside-down
where entire industries were converted into arms of the U.S. military and the U.S. government itself. While this was necessary to win the war, the reverse transformation, or demobilization, was never really achieved. During the Cold War, our post-World War
II global economic dominance was due in part to the fact that we had destroyed most of the world's industrial capacity and we could dominate industrial economic spheres for the next 50 years. The Cold War was underwritten by this economic dominance and allowed
the World War II industrial model to remain intact. The economic collapse of 2008 was inevitable when overspending in the United States and the world's reindustrialization caught up. The permanent loss in tax revenue from the market housing bubble collapse
is putting pressure on spending, and the debt servicing is multiplying this pressure. The U.S. government has no way out other than cutting spending.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
So, what should we expect in the next 10 years? I, for one, am optimistic and believe in the spirit and power of capitalism and its ability to efficiently deploy capital, innovate
and produce value. Our aerospace industry will change and adapt to this new reality and the U.S. government will find new ways to harness the more efficient capital deployment of the private sector.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Witness a superb example: Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX). SpaceX has spent less than $1 billion in capital since its founding in 2001 and has launched five successful
Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle-class vehicles (Falcon 9), five Falcon 1 vehicles and four Dragon crew capsules, and built three launch pads. A part of this capital came from the U.S. government (about $600 million), but it was implemented by the private
sector and its deployment was without a doubt a pure venture capital approach. <o:p>
</o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Without entering into all of the arguments about crew safety and standards, it's hard to argue that this is not a more efficient deployment of capital than that of the Constellation
program. Constellation spent several multiples of this number, well over $12 billion, on its launch vehicle and crew vehicle system and only succeeded in launching one suborbital rocket.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The SpaceX experience is in many ways a model for how I see the next decade unfolding. "New space," as some call it, represents the hopes, ingenuity and capital of investors
to do what formerly was considered the sole domain of the government. Companies such as Moon Express, Skybox Imaging and Iridium Communications are all shining examples of what can be done. For me the future is bright and will be led by those willing to take
the risks and put skin in the game like the "new space" companies are. In the meantime, the government R&D community is taking it on the chin and the World War II industrial relationship is going into the garbage bin of history.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Beam me down, Scotty<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Tom Toles -  Washington Post (Opinion)<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
I like writing about space because everybody disagrees with me. I sound like a luddite and a miserly, passionless utilitarian one at that, and I'd happily agree to being all
those things if they were true, but actually I am frequently enchanted by technology and am a veritable Peter Pan of adventure romance at heart. It just so happens I've looked at the space project without blinders, and people don't want, and I mean REALLY
REALY don't want to face a very disillusioning reality.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Joel Achenbach wrote a fascinating story about the Space Station in Sunday's Washington Post. It was a reasonably sympathetic history, and the
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2013/09/14/the-skies-the-limits/">web version</a> had some great
photos that the paper version lacked.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
He outlined some of the problems the station has faced, as well as the whole space program in general, but he was too kind about it all nonetheless. I'm volunteering here to
highlight the fatal problems for you, but again, I concede in advance that I will fail to persuade you. The core of my argument is NOT cost, though the coat is considerable, and worth thinking about. $100,000,000,000 for the station so far, and ticking at
$3,000,000,000 more every year. Eventually real money, as they say. Could you use a little of that money in YOUR community? Or to research that disease that will eventually get you? A fusion reactor, anyone? But it's not the cost I object to, per se, it's
the flawed thinking that underlies the program that is the problem. That flawed thinking is two-fold.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
First. "Space is a harsh, inhospitable frontier," an astronaut is quoted as saying. That is an understatement. Space is an unfathomably, uniformly lethal environment for people.
But even the word environment is too kind. It's just frozen irradiated hell out there. You can create a bubble to survive in for a while if you want to badly enough, but it's a losing proposition, long term.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Second. The Mission. It's undefined, and there is a reason for that. We've never been able to decide what exactly the space station represents, a lab or one of a series of
"stepping stones" to Mars and beyond. The reason it's undefined is there IS NO MISSION THAT MAKES SENSE. If there were we'd be on it by now. If Jupiter was a Garden of Eden, then it would make sense. But after Mars, which is nearly as barren a destination
as the Moon, the only thing you'll find for habitation purposes is more death zone and after Pluto all you've got is Too Freaking Far.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
We've spent our entire life as a nation celebrating The Frontier. We can't come to terms with the fact that while space is, well, more space, it is of an absolutely, irretrievably
different kind.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The space station's phone has a Houston area code<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Craig Hlavaty - Houston Chronicle's The Texican<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The Washington Post has a great new piece on the function of the International Space Station and what it will mean to the next few decades of manned spaceflight.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Still, few people think about what's going on up there. Even the most famous astronaut in recent pop culture history, Chris Hadfield, says that the life of an ISS dweller is
an anonymous one. He had to make cool viral videos for people to be reminded of it, and he did a good damned job of that.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The WashPo feature has lots of great color on the ISS. Satellite TV is spotty, though you can probably see one of the satellites beaming out Breaking Bad to homes across the
world just a few miles in distance. You can't smoke and you can't knock back a cold (or stiff one) after one of your 12-hour shifts. Standard astronaut stuff.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
But there was also the tidbit that the ISS has a phone number with a 281 area code. Remember back in May when we talked about area code superiority? At the time, I found that
most Houstonians saw 281 as a dumpy scarlet letter which meant you lived outside the Inner Loop.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
You cannot call the ISS though, but they can make calls out. All my prank call dreams are now dashed.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Dan Huot with the NASA Johnson Space Center says that the ISS has this number because the phone number is for a device at JSC that is then routed up to the ISS.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"It's used when the astronauts use the IP phone up on station to make calls to Earth," says Huot. "It shows up with a 281 area code." This is because the JSC is located within
the 281 area code. It could be a 281-483 number.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"The astronauts can use it to call family and friends during their off-duty time or for work related activities," says Huot.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The calls from the space station make for some pretty amazing moments too.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"I had a colleague receive a call on his cell phone while we were over in Kazakhstan from Chris Cassidy while he was on-board the ISS giving us details on his camera setup
for Karen Nyberg's docking and hatch opening," he says.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A call from space while in Kazakhstan to your phone is probably pretty standard since that is where ISS crews touch back down to Earth, but it blows my mind. I would love to
just get an email from space alone, never mind a phone call.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Do cell phones work on the ISS?<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"No, unfortunately cell phones rely on ground based antennas for communication," says Huot, shooting down the concept of being able to FaceTime with family at dinner while
you are literally watching the world spin by your work station.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Richard Garriott, second-generation space traveler, auctions historic rocket model<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Robert Pearlman - <a href="http://collectSPACE.com"><a href="http://collectSPACE.com">collectSPACE.com</a></a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The first American to follow in his father's footsteps by flying in space is auctioning some of his memorabilia, including a rare rocket ship model based on a design by Russia's "father of space travel."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Richard Garriott, a famous computer game developer who in 2008 funded his own multi-million dollar launch to the International Space Station (ISS), is selling items from his eclectic collection of automobiles, automatons and space artifacts.
The sale will be held this Saturday by <a href="http://www.austinauction.com/">Austin Auction Gallery</a> in Texas.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A highlight among the auction's lots is Garriott's 3-foot-tall (0.9 meter) model rocket ship based on a 1903 design by Soviet rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"I got it from Russia, sourced directly from descendants of the original designer," Garriott said.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"Spaceflight was envisioned long ago, but if you look at fiction writers like Jules Verne, who envisioned [travelers] parachuting back to Earth, it would kill you," Garriott said. "So Tsiolkovsky, who was a grade-school math teacher
in the late 1800s, was the first to show it scientifically."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"He made the first practical model rocket design No. 1," explained Garriott. "He did calculations for spaceflight and this is a model of his own original design and is the basis for how and why it works."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The model, which will open at the auction for a starting bid of $300, was created as a cutaway, providing a look at the command and living level, two equipment levels and the propulsion system inside. The latter even lights up.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"I rewired it to 110 volt as it was originally set up [to light] on Russian power," Garriott said.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Garriott has more than a passing interest in space travel; he shares his own connection to space history.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Growing up watching his father Owen, a NASA astronaut, live aboard the Skylab space station and fly on the space shuttle, Garriott spent 12 days on the International Space Station as a so-called "space tourist," becoming the first second-generation
American to launch into orbit.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Garriott's October 2008 spaceflight was made possible by his trailblazing work in cyberspace.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
A pioneer in developing massively multiplayer online role-playing games, a term he coined, Garriott is also famously known as "Lord British," his character's name in the game series "Ultima" he created in the early 1980s.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Garriott's professional interests have been reflected in his collection, and the pieces in turn have served as a further point of inspiration for his on-going pursuits.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
"I collect and I look at these demonstration toys or things such as the model rocketship and other electromechanical items to inspire the work I do," Garriott described. "As a collector, these are personally important to me."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
In addition to the rare Tsiolkovsky model, the auction also offers a planetarium projector and six mechanical orreries, the latter used to illustrate the relative position and motion of the planets and moons in a heliocentric model.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Outside the realm of space and astronomy items, Garriott is also selling a replica Wells Fargo stagecoach, a Harley Davidson Sportster 1200 motorcycle, 1911 Ford Tin Lizzie and 1923 Ford T-Bucket rare automobiles and a selection of automatons,
including a full-size "Swami Fortune Teller" machine and a carved "Nottingham" scene showing Robin Hood shooting an arrow.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
The sale includes some 90 pieces from Garriott's private collection, as were previously held at Britannia Manor, his Austin-area, castle-inspired home. Austin Auction Gallery has opened the sale to in-person and absentee bidders, including
participants by phone and on the internet through the gallery's <a href="http://www.austinauction.com/">
website</a>.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
CONSTITUTION
DAY – Tuesday,
Sept. 17<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<a href="http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst.html">http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst.html</a><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<img border="0" width="230" height="173" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01CEB371.0992B910" alt="cid:image001.png@01CEB371.0992B910"><o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
225 years ago on Sept. 17, 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia completed work on the Constitution of the United
States. In so doing, they ensured the survival of the bold promise of freedom made 11 years earlier by the Declaration of Independence.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Although the fulfillment of that promise required 27 amendments to the Constitution, as well as a Civil War, the basic principles enunciated during
that extraordinary gathering proved to be the lasting foundation of a democratic government that, in Thomas Jefferson's immortal words, "derives its just powers from the consent of the governed."<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Each of these principles was by itself revolutionary; together they represent the greatest step forward in the history of human government.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
First, the new nation was founded on popular sovereignty, whereby the government is created by and for the people.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Second, the sovereignty of the people was guaranteed by the rule of law.
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Third, the power of the central government was deliberately weakened through the separation of powers, whereby authority was divided between the
President, the Congress and the courts. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
END<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
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--Apple-Mail-2--449503443--